Waiting on funding to support study

This is a pilot study to establish feasibility of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) for improving letter-learning in adolescents with dyslexia. The main goals of the study are to 1) evaluate whether children in this age range will tolerate low level stimulation over the course of multiple sessions, 2) determine whether low level taVNS improves novel letter learning in dyslexia, and 3) evaluate the effect of low level taVNS on the brain's response to letters. Participants will complete fMRI before training, immediately after training, and a few weeks after training ends. Training will consist of six 30-minute lessons during which participants will learn novel letter-sound relationships while receiving either active or sham taVNS. Researchers will compare stimulation conditions to determine effect of this device on learning and neural plasticity.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Normal non-verbal IQ
• Reading scores above 90 on four single word reading measures (typical reader) OR reading scores below 90 on two or more single word reading measures (dyslexia) with or without ADHD

Exclusion Criteria:

• Neurological diagnoses (e.g., autism, epilepsy, etc.)
• Medications other than those prescribed for ADHD
• Nonverbal IQ below 80

All participants will be told they are receiving active stimulation at a custom current level that may or may not be detectable to them. Half of the participants (randomly assigned) will not receive stimulation.