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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stabilization and stabilization-related parameters on shooting performance at the cervical, lumbal and scapular levels in archery athletes. A total of 40 archery athletes aged between 10 and 18, who have been professionally engaged in archery for at least 1 year were included in the study. Demographic information and musculoskeletal system evaluations of the athletes were done. Performance of the athletes via Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test, Hand Grip Strength test; presence of scapular dyskinesia was evaluated via the Lateral Scapular Slide Test. Cervical region stabilization was evaluated via Craniocervical Flexion Test, scapular level stabilization was evaluated via Scapular Muscle Endurance Test, lumbar region stabilization was evaluated via Abdominal Drawing-in Test and Sahrmann's Core Stability Test. As the parameters related to stabilization, postures via Corbin Postural Rating Scale; balances via Stork Balance Test, Upper Extremity Y Balance Test; pain was evaluated via the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. Shooting performances were evaluated with 72 target shootings and a total of 720 points. .
Archery can be described as a comparatively static sport requiring strength and endurance of the upper body, in particular the forearm and shoulder girdle. Skill in archery is defined as the ability to shoot an arrow to a given target in a certain time span with accuracy. The discipline is described as a three-phase (the stance, the drawing and the sighting) movement. Shooting can be divided these phases into six: bow hold, drawing, full draw, aiming, release and follow-through. Each of these phases represented a stable sequence of movements and was ideal for studying the motor control and skill acquired during this voluntary kinematic process.
An archer pushes the bow with an extended arm, which is statically held in the direction of the target, while the other arm exerts a dynamic pulling of the bowstring from the beginning of the drawing phase, until the release is dynamically executed. The release phase must be well balanced and highly reproducible to achieve commendable results in a competition.
The bowstring is released when an audible impulse is received from a device called "clicker" that is used as a draw length check. Each arrow can be drawn to an exact distance and a standard release can be obtained using the device. The clicker is reputed to improve the archer's score and used by all target archers. The archer should react to the clicker as quickly as possible. In particular, a repeated contraction and relaxation strategy in the forearm and pull finger muscles should be developed for this reason.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stabilization and stabilization-related parameters on shooting performance at the cervical, lumbal and scapular levels in archery athletes. A total of 40 archery athletes aged between 10 and 18, who have been professionally engaged in archery for at least 1 year were included in the study. Demographic information and musculoskeletal system evaluations of the athletes were done. Performance of the athletes via Upper Extremity Closed Kinetic Chain Stability Test, Hand Grip Strength test; presence of scapular dyskinesia was evaluated via the Lateral Scapular Slide Test. Cervical region stabilization was evaluated via Craniocervical Flexion Test, scapular level stabilization was evaluated via Scapular Muscle Endurance Test, lumbar region stabilization was evaluated via Abdominal Drawing-in Test and Sahrmann's Core Stability Test. As the parameters related to stabilization, postures via Corbin Postural Rating Scale; balances via Stork Balance Test, Upper Extremity Y Balance Test; pain was evaluated via the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. Shooting performances were evaluated with 72 target shootings and a total of 720 points. .
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Good shooting performance | archery athletes who had 589 and more |
| |
| Bad shooting performance | archery athletes who had 588 and less |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| shooting performance | Other | collecting total points after 72 target shootings done |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| cervical stabilization | cervical stabilization assess with craniocervical flexion test. | baseline |
| lumbar stabilization grade | lumbar stabilization asses with sahrmann's core stability test and will grade according to test outcome. | baseline |
| lumbar stabilizator muscle contraction | the athlete perform abdominal drawing in meneuver and contraction amount record. | baseline |
| scapular dyskinesis type | Kibler's scapular diskinesis test and lateral scapular slide test | baseline |
| scapular dyskinesis amount | lateral scapular slide test | baseline |
| sportive performance | the athlete will shoot 72 arrows to the target and tthe total points will record as score. | baseline |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| balance assessment | upper extremity Y balance test | baseline |
| static balance assessment | stand stork test | baseline |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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healty elite archery athletes
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Aynur Demirel, Assoc. Prof. | Hacettepe University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hacettepe University | Ankara | Sıhhiye | 06100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Result | 1. Book 3, Target Archery [Erişim Tarihi 18 Mayıs 2022]. Available from: https://rulebook.worldarchery.sport/PDF/Official/2021-01-01/EN-Book3.pdf 2. Target Archery [Erişim Tarihi 18 Mayıs 2022] [Available from: https://worldarchery.sport/sport/disciplines/target-archery. 3. Yönal G, Turkmen M. TÜRK KÜLTÜR YAŞAMINDA OKÇULUK. ASOS Journal. 2017;5:523-33. 4. Atabeyoğlu C. Okçuluk Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Spor Vakfı Yayınları Başkent Yayınevi; 1988. 5. Martin PE, Siler WL, Hoffman D. Electromyographic analysis of bow string release in highly skilled archers. Journal of Sports Sciences. 1990;8(3):215-21. 6. akınoğlu B, Kocahan T, Birben Kurt T, Çoban Ö, Soylu C, Yildirim N. Paralimpik Okçuların ve Tekerlekli Sandalye Basketbol Oyuncularının Core Stabilizasyon Verilerinin Karşılaştırılması. Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;1:21-7. 7. History. [Erişim Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2022] [Available from: https://worldarchery.sport/sport/history. 8. Members. [Erişim Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2022] [Available from: https://worldarchery.sport/members. 9. Gazoz M, Şimşek Y. Okçuluk Ders Kitabı. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları; 2019. 10. Indoor Archery [Erişim Tarihi 18 Mayıs 2022] [Available from: https://worldarchery.sport/sport/disciplines/indoor-archery. 11. Okçuluk-Yarışma-Talimatı V-01. [Erişim Tarihi 18 Mayıs 2022] [Available from: https://www.tof.gov.tr/federasyon/talimatlar/. 12. Equipment Erişim Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2022 [Available from: https://worldarchery.sport/sport/equipment. 13. Mohamed M, Azhar A. Postural Sway And Shooting Accuracy Of Skilled Recurve Archers. Movement, Health & Exercise. 2012;1. 14. Nishizono H, Shibayama H, Izuta T, Saito K. Analysis of Archery Shooting Techniques by Means of Electromyography. 1987. 15. Tak K-H. Archery: Korea Archery Association; 2012. 301 p. 16. Charles D. Archery: Skills. Tactics. Techniques: T.H.E. Crowood Press LTD; 2015. 17. Sarro K, Viana T, Barros R. Relationship between bow stability and postural control in recurve archery. European Journal of Sport Science. 2020;21. 18. Stone RT. The Biomechanical and Physiological link between Archery Techniques and Performance. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 2007;51(18):1227-31. 19. Spratford W, Campbell R. Postural stability, clicker reaction time and bow draw force predict performance in elite recurve archery. European Journal of Sport Science. 2017;17(5):539-45. 20. Shinohara H. Analysis of muscular activity in archery: A compar. 2018. 21. Vendrame E, Belluscio V, Truppa L, Rum L, Lazich A, Bergamini E, et al. Performance assessment in archery: a systematic review. Sports Biomechanics. 2022:1-23. 22. Lin J-J, Hung C-J, Yang C-C, Chen H-Y, Chou F-C, Lu T-W. Activation and tremor of the shoulder muscles to the demands of an archery task. Journal of sports sciences. 2010;28(4):415-21. 23. Azhar S, Sharma S, Sharma S, Tanwar T. EMG activity of transversus abdominis, multifidus and co-contraction index in different phases amongst varied level archers: A cross-sectional study. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism. 2021;28(1):19-23. 24. Stone RT, editor The biomechanical and physiological link between archery techniques and performance. Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting; 2007: SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA. 25. Ahmad Z, Taha Z, Hassan HA, Hisham MA, Johari NH, Kadirgama K, editors. Biomechanics measurements in archery. International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER2013); 2013. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001265 | Athletic Injuries |
| D007593 | Joint Instability |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
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| posture | Corbin posture assessment | baseline |
| disability | shoulder pain related disability will assess with The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). The SPADI has 13 items. Each item is scored on a visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no pain or no disability and 10 indicating the worst pain or disability possible. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more pain and disability. | baseline |
| upper extremity performance | upper extremity erformance assess with upper extremity closed chain stability test | baseline |
| hand grip strenght | hand grip streng assess with hand dynamometer | baseline |
| muscle tightness | pectoralis minor, shoulder abductor&internal rotator and trapezious muscle tightness assess | baseline |