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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Investiga SEEIUC 2023 | Other Identifier | SEEIUC |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Sociedad Española de Enfermería Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias | UNKNOWN |
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This randomized clinical trial evaluates the effects of a musical intervention on hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in sedated adult patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. Serum cortisol, prolactin, and interleukin-6 levels are measured before and after the intervention, together with hemodynamic parameters. The aim is to assess whether music modulates physiological stress and inflammatory responses in critically ill patients
This randomized controlled clinical trial evaluates the effects of a musical intervention on hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in critically ill adults receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. The study is conducted in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Spain.
Participants:
Eligible patients are adults who are intubated, mechanically ventilated, equipped with an arterial catheter, adequately sedated, and not experiencing pain during the intervention period. Patients are enrolled consecutively and randomly assigned to one of two groups.
Interventions:
The intervention group receives a structured music session delivered through headphones in addition to usual ICU care. The control group receives usual ICU care and remains undisturbed for the same duration. The intervention does not interfere with routine clinical procedures.
Outcomes and Variables:
Primary outcomes include serum cortisol, prolactin, and interleukin-6 levels as indicators of hormonal and inflammatory responses. Secondary outcomes include physiological parameters related to hemodynamic status. All variables are measured at three time points: before the intervention, during the intervention period, and immediately after the intervention.
Data Collection and Analysis:
Biological samples and physiological measurements are collected by trained ICU staff following standardized procedures. Descriptive statistics are calculated for all variables. Normality and homoscedasticity are assessed prior to comparative analyses. When required, post-hoc tests are applied. Statistical significance is defined as p ≤ 0.05. No inferential statistical analyses were performed for ClinicalTrials.gov; results are presented descriptively according to PRS requirements.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Music Intervention | Experimental | Participants assigned to this arm receive a structured music therapy session delivered through headphones in addition to usual ICU care. |
|
| Standard Care (Control) | No Intervention | Participants assigned to this arm receive usual ICU care without any additional auditory intervention. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Music Therapy | Other | A 60-minute session of relaxing, slow-tempo recorded music (60-80 bpm) delivered through over-ear headphones. The intervention is administered once, while the patient remains sedated and mechanically ventilated. Volume and audio equipment are adjusted according to ICU safety protocols. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Levels of Serum Cortisol | Serum cortisol levels were measured from venous blood samples collected immediately before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the music intervention or standard care using standard laboratory assays. This measure reflects the acute physiological stress response. | Only one intervention per person will be performed. Serum levels will be measured before and after the intervention (minute 0 and 60). |
| Levels of Prolactin | Serum prolactin levels were measured from venous blood samples obtained immediately before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention using standard laboratory immunoassays. This biomarker reflects neuroendocrine stress response and can indicate changes related to the music intervention. | Only one intervention per person will be performed. Serum levels will be measured before and after the intervention. That is, at minute 0 and 60. |
| Levels of Interleukin 6 | Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured from venous blood samples collected immediately before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention using standard laboratory immunoassays. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and its serum concentration reflects acute systemic inflammatory activity. | Only one intervention per person will be performed. Serum levels will be measured before and after the intervention. That is, at minute 0 and 60. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Bispectral Index (BIS) | The Bispectral Index (BIS) is a processed electroencephalographic scale used to quantify the depth of sedation or anesthesia. BIS values range from 0 to 100, where 100 represents a fully awake state and 0 represents EEG silence. Lower scores indicate deeper sedation, while higher scores indicate lighter sedation. BIS values were obtained using standard BIS monitoring immediately before (minute 0) and after the intervention (minute 60). No subscales exist; the BIS value is a single composite index. |
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Inclusion Criteria
Adults aged ≥18 years. Admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for at least 24 hours. Intubated and undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation. Presence of an arterial catheter and/or central venous catheter. Sedation level corresponding to BIS 40-60. Absence of pain at baseline and during the intervention, defined as a CPOT score = 0 (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool).
No previous exposure to music therapy or other musical interventions during the current hospital stay.
Exclusion Criteria
Severe neurological disease or injury, including encephalitis, diffuse axonal injury, or other central nervous system pathologies.
Severe psychiatric illness. Suspected or confirmed drug or alcohol intoxication, overdose, withdrawal, or abstinence syndrome.
Hearing impairment that would limit perception of the music intervention. Cranial or skull lesions preventing safe placement of headphones. Limitation of therapeutic effort or expected death within the next 24 hours. Diagnosis of brain death. Inability to obtain informed consent from the legal representative within 72 hours of ICU admission.
Refusal by the responsible attending physician.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Alba Maestro-González, Ph.D. | University of Oviedo | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias | Oviedo | Principality of Asturias | 33011 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28786890 | Background | Erdogan Z, Atik D. Complementary Health Approaches Used in the Intensive Care Unit. Holist Nurs Pract. 2017 Sep/Oct;31(5):325-342. doi: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000227. | |
| 30947484 | Background | Umbrello M, Sorrenti T, Mistraletti G, Formenti P, Chiumello D, Terzoni S. Music therapy reduces stress and anxiety in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Minerva Anestesiol. 2019 Aug;85(8):886-898. doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13526-2. Epub 2019 Apr 3. |
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IPD will not be shared because the dataset contains sensitive clinical and biological information from critically ill patients that cannot be completely de-identified.
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No significant events occurred between enrollment and randomization. All enrolled participants met eligibility criteria at the time of enrollment and were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group without exclusions or withdrawals prior to group assignment.
Patients were consecutively recruited between October 1, 2023, and June 28, 2025, in the intensive care unit of a tertiary-level public university hospital in Spain. Eligible participants were identified daily by the research team through review of ICU admissions and clinical records. Legal representatives were approached for informed consent once eligibility criteria were confirmed.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Music Intervention | Participants received a single 60-minute session of a standardized musical composition delivered through active noise-cancelling headphones while undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation under deep sedation. The intervention was administered once, between 16:00 and 17:00, in addition to standard ICU care. |
| FG001 | Standard Care (Control) | Participants received standard intensive care unit management without any auditory intervention. No headphones or music were used, and patients remained exposed to the usual acoustic environment of the ICU during the observation period. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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All enrolled participants were included in the baseline analysis; no participants were excluded prior to baseline measures.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Music Intervention | Adult ICU patients (≥18 years) receiving invasive mechanical ventilation under deep sedation (BIS 40-60), randomly assigned to receive a single 60-minute standardized music intervention through active noise-cancelling headphones. Patients were continuously monitored for hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurological parameters. No changes to standard sedation or care were made other than the music intervention. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Age of participants at the time of ICU admission, reported in years. |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Levels of Serum Cortisol | Serum cortisol levels were measured from venous blood samples collected immediately before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the music intervention or standard care using standard laboratory assays. This measure reflects the acute physiological stress response. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for serum cortisol. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | µg/dL | Only one intervention per person will be performed. Serum levels will be measured before and after the intervention (minute 0 and 60). |
|
Adverse events were monitored from the start of the intervention until the end of the 60-minute follow-up period.
Adverse events were monitored throughout the intervention period using standard ICU monitoring. Events were systematically assessed and recorded according to ClinicalTrials.gov reporting requirements.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Music Intervention | Patients in the intervention group received a single 60-minute session of standardized music therapy delivered via active noise-cancelling headphones while under invasive mechanical ventilation and deep sedation (BIS 40-60). Hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurological parameters were continuously monitored during the session. Serum cortisol, prolactin, and interleukin 6 levels were measured before and after the intervention. |
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This single-center study was conducted in the complex ICU environment, where multiple confounders may influence physiological responses. The inclusion of sedated patients and the use of a single standardized music piece limit generalizability to other populations and personalized music approaches.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alba Maestro-González | Universidad de Oviedo | +34 985 10 35 41 | maestroalba@uniovi.es |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Mar 10, 2023 | Jan 27, 2026 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D016638 | Critical Illness |
| D053120 | Respiratory Aspiration |
| D007249 | Inflammation |
| D013315 | Stress, Psychological |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020969 | Disease Attributes |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012120 | Respiration Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009147 | Music Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D026421 | Sensory Art Therapies |
| D000529 | Complementary Therapies |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
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Two-arm parallel design comparing a musical intervention plus usual care versus usual care alone in mechanically ventilated ICU patients.
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Patients were blinded due to continuous sedation throughout the intervention period. Bedside healthcare professionals responsible for routine care, sedation, and hemodynamic monitoring were also unaware of group allocation. Laboratory personnel analyzing biomarker samples were blinded to treatment assignment. The investigator placing the headphones was not blinded due to the nature of the intervention.
|
| BIS values will be measured immediately before and after the intervention (minute 0 and 60). |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | Systolic blood pressure was obtained using standard ICU monitoring before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. This measure reflects hemodynamic response to the music intervention or standard care. | Blood pressure was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | Diastolic blood pressure was obtained using standard ICU monitoring before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. This measure reflects autonomic and vascular response to the music intervention or standard care. | Blood pressure was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
| Heart Rate | Heart rate was obtained using standard ICU monitoring before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Heart rate reflects autonomic and physiological stress response to the music intervention or standard care. | Heart rate was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
| Respiratory Rate | Respiratory rate was obtained using standard ICU respiratory monitoring before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Respiratory rate reflects ventilatory response to the music intervention or standard care. | Respiratory rate was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
| Oxygen Saturation | Oxygen saturation (SpO₂) was obtained using standard ICU pulse oximetry before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. This measure reflects oxygenation status and respiratory response to the music intervention or standard care. | Oxygen saturation was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
| Intracranial Pressure | Intracranial pressure (ICP) was obtained from invasive intraparenchymal or ventricular monitoring devices in patients who had such monitors in place. Measurements were taken at baseline (minute 0) and post-intervention (minute 60). ICP reflects cerebral compliance and intracranial dynamics. | Intracranial pressure was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention in patients with an invasive ICP monitor. |
| Sedation Medication Use | This outcome includes multiple sedative, analgesic, and neuromuscular-blocking agents used in the ICU. Each drug is reported using its appropriate clinical unit (e.g., mg/kg/h for intravenous medications and ml/h for inhaled anesthetics such as sevoflurane). Mean and standard deviation are presented separately for the music intervention group and the control group at baseline and post-intervention. Each drug appears as an independent row, and units do not mix within rows. | Sedative medication infusion rates were measured at baseline (minute 0) and after the intervention (minute 60). |
| 25725914 | Background | Thaut MH. Music as therapy in early history. Prog Brain Res. 2015;217:143-58. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2014.11.025. Epub 2015 Jan 31. |
| 35854358 | Background | Seyffert S, Moiz S, Coghlan M, Balozian P, Nasser J, Rached EA, Jamil Y, Naqvi K, Rawlings L, Perkins AJ, Gao S, Hunter JD 3rd, Khan S, Heiderscheit A, Chlan LL, Khan B. Decreasing delirium through music listening (DDM) in critically ill, mechanically ventilated older adults in the intensive care unit: a two-arm, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial. Trials. 2022 Jul 19;23(1):576. doi: 10.1186/s13063-022-06448-w. |
| 33495383 | Background | Kakar E, Billar RJ, van Rosmalen J, Klimek M, Takkenberg JJM, Jeekel J. Music intervention to relieve anxiety and pain in adults undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2021 Jan;8(1):e001474. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001474. |
| 29187230 | Background | Khan SH, Wang S, Harrawood A, Martinez S, Heiderscheit A, Chlan L, Perkins AJ, Tu W, Boustani M, Khan B. Decreasing Delirium through Music (DDM) in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017 Nov 29;18(1):574. doi: 10.1186/s13063-017-2324-6. |
| 30001799 | Background | Khan SH, Kitsis M, Golovyan D, Wang S, Chlan LL, Boustani M, Khan BA. Effects of music intervention on inflammatory markers in critically ill and post-operative patients: A systematic review of the literature. Heart Lung. 2018 Sep-Oct;47(5):489-496. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2018.05.015. Epub 2018 Jul 9. |
| 30698217 | Background | Taets GGC, Jomar RT, Abreu AMM, Capella MAM. Effect of music therapy on stress in chemically dependent people: a quasi-experimental study. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2019 Jan 17;27:e3115. doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.2456.3115. |
| BG001 | Standard Care (Control) | Adult ICU patients (≥18 years) receiving invasive mechanical ventilation under deep sedation (BIS 40-60), randomly assigned to standard ICU care without music intervention. Continuous monitoring of hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurological parameters was maintained. Sedation protocols were unchanged, and patients were exposed to the typical ICU acoustic environment. No additional interventions were applied. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Mean |
| Standard Deviation |
| Years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Biological sex of participants at enrollment. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | All participants were recruited from a single tertiary public hospital in Spain. | Number | Participants |
|
| APACHE II Score | The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score is a validated severity-of-illness scale used in adult ICU patients. The total score ranges from 0 to 71, with higher scores indicating greater disease severity and higher predicted mortality risk. The score is calculated using 12 acute physiologic variables, age points, and chronic health conditions. APACHE II was recorded at ICU admission prior to the intervention. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Points on a scale |
|
| Days on IMV | Number of days participants had received invasive mechanical ventilation prior to intervention. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Days |
|
| Reason for ICU Admission | Primary reason for ICU admission, categorized by system or type of illness. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ventilatory Mode | Mode of invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| OG001 | Standard Care (Control) | Patients in the control group received standard ICU care without any auditory or music intervention. They remained sedated under invasive mechanical ventilation with hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurological parameters continuously monitored. Serum cortisol, prolactin, and interleukin 6 levels were measured at the same time points as the intervention group. |
|
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| Primary | Levels of Prolactin | Serum prolactin levels were measured from venous blood samples obtained immediately before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention using standard laboratory immunoassays. This biomarker reflects neuroendocrine stress response and can indicate changes related to the music intervention. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for serum prolactin. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | ng/mL | Only one intervention per person will be performed. Serum levels will be measured before and after the intervention. That is, at minute 0 and 60. |
|
|
|
| Primary | Levels of Interleukin 6 | Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured from venous blood samples collected immediately before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention using standard laboratory immunoassays. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and its serum concentration reflects acute systemic inflammatory activity. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for serum interleukin-6. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | pg/mL | Only one intervention per person will be performed. Serum levels will be measured before and after the intervention. That is, at minute 0 and 60. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Bispectral Index (BIS) | The Bispectral Index (BIS) is a processed electroencephalographic scale used to quantify the depth of sedation or anesthesia. BIS values range from 0 to 100, where 100 represents a fully awake state and 0 represents EEG silence. Lower scores indicate deeper sedation, while higher scores indicate lighter sedation. BIS values were obtained using standard BIS monitoring immediately before (minute 0) and after the intervention (minute 60). No subscales exist; the BIS value is a single composite index. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for BIS. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | BIS units | BIS values will be measured immediately before and after the intervention (minute 0 and 60). |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Systolic Blood Pressure | Systolic blood pressure was obtained using standard ICU monitoring before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. This measure reflects hemodynamic response to the music intervention or standard care. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for systolic blood pressure. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg | Blood pressure was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Diastolic Blood Pressure | Diastolic blood pressure was obtained using standard ICU monitoring before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. This measure reflects autonomic and vascular response to the music intervention or standard care. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for diastolic blood pressure. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg | Blood pressure was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Heart Rate | Heart rate was obtained using standard ICU monitoring before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Heart rate reflects autonomic and physiological stress response to the music intervention or standard care. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for heart rate. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | bpm | Heart rate was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Respiratory Rate | Respiratory rate was obtained using standard ICU respiratory monitoring before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Respiratory rate reflects ventilatory response to the music intervention or standard care. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for respiratory rate. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | breaths/min | Respiratory rate was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Oxygen Saturation | Oxygen saturation (SpO₂) was obtained using standard ICU pulse oximetry before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. This measure reflects oxygenation status and respiratory response to the music intervention or standard care. | All enrolled participants were included in the analysis for oxygen saturation. No participants were excluded. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage | Oxygen saturation was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention. Although values were recorded every 10 minutes, only baseline and final measurements are reported. |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Intracranial Pressure | Intracranial pressure (ICP) was obtained from invasive intraparenchymal or ventricular monitoring devices in patients who had such monitors in place. Measurements were taken at baseline (minute 0) and post-intervention (minute 60). ICP reflects cerebral compliance and intracranial dynamics. | Only participants with invasive intracranial pressure monitors were included in this analysis (19 in the music group and 11 in the control group). No other participants had available ICP data. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg | Intracranial pressure was measured before (minute 0) and after (minute 60) the intervention in patients with an invasive ICP monitor. |
|
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| Secondary | Sedation Medication Use | This outcome includes multiple sedative, analgesic, and neuromuscular-blocking agents used in the ICU. Each drug is reported using its appropriate clinical unit (e.g., mg/kg/h for intravenous medications and ml/h for inhaled anesthetics such as sevoflurane). Mean and standard deviation are presented separately for the music intervention group and the control group at baseline and post-intervention. Each drug appears as an independent row, and units do not mix within rows. | Only participants who were receiving a given medication at baseline or post-intervention were included in each drug-specific row. Therefore, the number of analyzed participants differs across drugs and time points. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/kg/h | Sedative medication infusion rates were measured at baseline (minute 0) and after the intervention (minute 60). |
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| 0 |
| 55 |
| 0 |
| 55 |
| 0 |
| 55 |
| EG001 | Standard Care (Control) | Patients in the control group received standard ICU care without any auditory or music intervention. They remained sedated under invasive mechanical ventilation with hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurological parameters continuously monitored. Serum cortisol, prolactin, and interleukin 6 levels were measured at the same time points as the intervention group. | 0 | 55 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 55 |
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| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D000359 |
| Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
| Trauma |
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| Other |
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| Pressure assist-control |
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