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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| RF1MH132360 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | OTHER |
| National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) | NIH |
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The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a mis/disinformation ecosystem that promotes divergent views of vaccine efficacy, as well as the legitimacy of science and medicine. Individuals are confronted with vaccine-related information from a multitude of sources, posing a challenge to identifying inaccurate information. COVID-19 vaccine uptake is lower among people with anxiety and depression than in the general population, due in part to higher levels of vaccine hesitancy. The prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among US adults increased significantly during the COVID pandemic and has remained elevated. Interventions capable of mitigating the impact of vaccine hesitancy and mis/disinformation among undervaccinated people with anxiety or depression are therefore an urgent priority. Emerging evidence suggests that reasons for vaccine hesitancy and the impact of conventional vaccination messaging differ between those with and without mental health symptoms. There may also be added challenges overcoming logistical barriers to vaccination for people with anxiety or depressive symptoms.
The investigators aim to determine the effectiveness of two different brief digital intervention strategies compared with conventional public health messaging for increasing vaccine uptake in undervaccinated adults with and without anxiety or depressive symptoms. Attitudinal inoculation is a brief, scalable strategy that leverages the power of narrative, values, and emotion to strengthen resistance to mis/disinformation and reduce hesitancy. Though this approach has been shown to decrease COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among US adults, the extent to which this approach increases COVID-19 vaccination remains unknown. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based intervention for anxiety and depression. However, the efficacy of incorporating CBT-informed messaging in a vaccine promotion intervention has not been tested. The investigators hypothesize that both attitudinal inoculation and CBT-style communication will be more effective than conventional public health messaging to increase COVID-19 vaccination. The investigators also hypothesize that the CBT-informed intervention will be more effective than the attitudinal inoculation intervention for increasing COVID-19 vaccination among participants with symptoms of anxiety or depression.
The project will recruit undervaccinated participants with and without symptoms of anxiety or depression from the CHASING COVID Cohort, a large and geographically diverse community-based US cohort, to tailor and test the effectiveness of two brief digital interventions to increase vaccine uptake among adults with anxiety or depressive symptoms. The investigators will assign undervaccinated cohort participants, with and without symptoms of anxiety or depression, to: 1) an attitudinal inoculation intervention; 2), a CBT-informed intervention; or 3) a conventional public health messaging intervention without attitudinal inoculation or CBT-informed content. The investigators will examine the outcome of COVID-19 vaccination at 4 weeks post-intervention, conducting intent-to-treat comparisons between arms.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Attitudinal inoculation intervention | Experimental | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video addressing one anti-vaccine "meta-narrative" or issue (e.g., concerns about the vaccine not working) most salient to the entire CHASING COVID study population (per recent historical data) and focused on bolstering resistance to mis/disinformation. |
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| Cognitive behavioral therapy-informed intervention | Experimental | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to vaccination, with no inoculation messaging. |
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| Conventional public health messaging | Active Comparator | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements, with no inoculation or CBT-informed messaging. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitudinal inoculation | Behavioral | A brief video focused on bolstering resistance to mis/disinformation about the COVID vaccine. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported Receipt of COVID Vaccine Dose by 4 Weeks Post-intervention | Following our theoretical premise that our intervention will impact the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination, the investigators define our primary outcome as self-reported receipt of a COVID vaccine dose in the 4 weeks post-intervention. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who achieved the outcome. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances and conduct a mediation analysis to better understand the intervention's mechanisms of action. | 4 weeks post-intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Participants Classified as Vaccine Willing | The investigators will estimate vaccine hesitancy at baseline, immediately post-intervention, 4 weeks post-intervention, and at 6 months post-intervention. People who indicate that they are "not willing" to get a vaccine dose will be defined as vaccine resistant, people who indicate that they are "somewhat willing" will be described as vaccine hesitant, and people who report that they are "very willing" or who report having received a vaccine dose will be classified as vaccine willing. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who are either vaccine resistant or vaccine hesitant to those who are vaccine willing at each time point. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Denis Nash, PhD | CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy | New York | New York | 10027 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35483050 | Background | Piltch-Loeb R, Su M, Hughes B, Testa M, Goldberg B, Braddock K, Miller-Idriss C, Maturo V, Savoia E. Testing the Efficacy of Attitudinal Inoculation Videos to Enhance COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: Quasi-Experimental Intervention Trial. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022 Jun 20;8(6):e34615. doi: 10.2196/34615. | |
| 34548354 | Background | Robertson MM, Kulkarni SG, Rane M, Kochhar S, Berry A, Chang M, Mirzayi C, You W, Maroko A, Zimba R, Westmoreland D, Grov C, Parcesepe AM, Waldron L, Nash D; CHASING COVID Cohort Study Team. Cohort profile: a national, community-based prospective cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outcomes in the USA-the CHASING COVID Cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021 Sep 21;11(9):e048778. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048778. |
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CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health staff are available to assist externa researchers who may have further specific data questions or uses.
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Overall, 2,411 CHASING COVID Cohort participants were invited, and 1,419 (59%) were eligible and randomized to the intervention. After completing the 4-week survey, 16 participants were removed from the sample based on data quality protocols, leaving an analytic sample of 1403 participants. Randomization resulted in 469 individuals in CBT-kernels arm, 466 in the Inoculation arm, and 468 in the Standard public health messaging arm
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Attitudinal Inoculation Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video addressing one anti-vaccine "meta-narrative" or issue (e.g., concerns about the vaccine not working) most salient to the entire CHASING COVID study population (per recent historical data) and focused on bolstering resistance to mis/disinformation. Attitudinal inoculation: A brief video focused on bolstering resistance to mis/disinformation about the COVID vaccine. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 2, 2025 |
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The investigators will assign undervaccinated cohort participants, with and without symptoms of anxiety or depression, to: 1) an attitudinal inoculation intervention; 2), a CBT-informed intervention; or 3) a conventional public health messaging intervention. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of the three intervention arms at a ratio of 1:1:1. Each arm will also be stratified 1:1 by presence or absence of anxiety or depression symptoms. Masking of participants to study arm assignment is not feasible due to the nature of the interventions. However, data collection analysts, study staff, and investigators will be masked to study arm assignments until analyses are complete.
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| Cognitive-behavioral therapy-informed intervention | Behavioral | A brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
|
| Conventional public health messaging | Behavioral | A brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements with no inoculation messaging. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
|
| 4 weeks post-intervention |
| Self-reported Receipt of a COVID Vaccine Dose by 6 Months Post-intervention | The investigators define our outcome as self-reported receipt of a COVID vaccine dose in the 6 months post-intervention. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who achieved the outcome. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances and conduct a mediation analysis to attempt to better understand the intervention's mechanisms of action. | 6 months post-intervention |
| Vaccine Willingness Post-intervention | The investigators will estimate vaccine hesitancy at baseline, immediately post-intervention, 4 weeks post-intervention, and at 6 months post-intervention. People who indicate that they are "not willing" to get a vaccine dose will be defined as vaccine resistant, people who indicate that they are "somewhat willing" will be described as vaccine hesitant, and people who report that they are "very willing" or who report having received a vaccine dose will be classified as vaccine willing. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who are either vaccine resistant or vaccine hesitant to those who are vaccine willing at each time point. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances. | 6-months post-intervention |
| Vaccine Willingness Post-intervention | The investigators will estimate vaccine hesitancy at baseline, immediately post-intervention, 4 weeks post-intervention, and at 6 months post-intervention. People who indicate that they are "not willing" to get a vaccine dose will be defined as vaccine resistant, people who indicate that they are "somewhat willing" will be described as vaccine hesitant, and people who report that they are "very willing" or who report having received a vaccine dose will be classified as vaccine willing. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who are either vaccine resistant or vaccine hesitant to those who are vaccine willing at each time point. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances. | immediately post-intervention |
| 33173880 | Background | Parcesepe AM, Robertson M, Berry A, Maroko A, Zimba R, Grov C, Westmoreland D, Kulkarni S, Rane M, Salgado-You W, Mirzayi C, Waldron L, Nash D. The relationship between anxiety, health, and potential stressors among adults in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 Nov 4:2020.10.30.20221440. doi: 10.1101/2020.10.30.20221440. |
| 41057045 | Derived | Piltch-Loeb R, Shen Y, Fleary S, Robertson M, Nunez Sahr J, Penrose K, Sanborn J, Yadav S, Srivastava A, Nash D, Parcesepe A. Testing Theory-Enhanced Messaging to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination Among Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res. 2025 Oct 7;27:e79228. doi: 10.2196/79228. |
| FG001 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-informed Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to vaccination, with no inoculation messaging. Cognitive-behavioral therapy-informed intervention: A brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| FG002 | Conventional Public Health Messaging | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements, with no inoculation or CBT-informed messaging. Conventional public health messaging: A brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements with no inoculation messaging. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
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Overall, 2,411 CHASING COVID Cohort participants were invited, and 1,419 (59%) were eligible and randomized to the intervention. After completing the 4-week survey, 16 participants were removed from the sample based on data quality protocols, leaving an analytic sample of 1403 participants.
Randomization resulted in 469 individuals in CBT-kernels arm, 466 in the Inoculation arm, and 468 in the Standard public health messaging arm (Figure 1).
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Attitudinal Inoculation Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video addressing one anti-vaccine "meta-narrative" or issue (e.g., concerns about the vaccine not working) most salient to the entire CHASING COVID study population (per recent historical data) and focused on bolstering resistance to mis/disinformation. Attitudinal inoculation: A brief video focused on bolstering resistance to mis/disinformation about the COVID vaccine. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| BG001 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-informed Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to vaccination, with no inoculation messaging. Cognitive-behavioral therapy-informed intervention: A brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| BG002 | Conventional Public Health Messaging | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements, with no inoculation or CBT-informed messaging. Conventional public health messaging: A brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements with no inoculation messaging. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
| ||||||||||||||||
| Number of COVID-19 vaccine doses as of Dec 2023 | The total number of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination doses participants reported receiving as of the last CHASING COVID cohort assessment in December 2023 | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | vaccine doses |
|
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Self-reported Receipt of COVID Vaccine Dose by 4 Weeks Post-intervention | Following our theoretical premise that our intervention will impact the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination, the investigators define our primary outcome as self-reported receipt of a COVID vaccine dose in the 4 weeks post-intervention. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who achieved the outcome. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances and conduct a mediation analysis to better understand the intervention's mechanisms of action. | Overall, 2,411 CHASING COVID Cohort participants were invited, and 1,419 (59%) were eligible and randomized to the intervention. After completing the 4-week survey, 16 participants were removed from the sample based on data quality protocols, leaving an analytic sample of 1403 participants. Randomization resulted in 469 individuals in CBT-kernels arm, 466 in the Inoculation arm, and 468 in the Standard public health messaging arm (Figure 1). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 4 weeks post-intervention |
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| Secondary | Participants Classified as Vaccine Willing | The investigators will estimate vaccine hesitancy at baseline, immediately post-intervention, 4 weeks post-intervention, and at 6 months post-intervention. People who indicate that they are "not willing" to get a vaccine dose will be defined as vaccine resistant, people who indicate that they are "somewhat willing" will be described as vaccine hesitant, and people who report that they are "very willing" or who report having received a vaccine dose will be classified as vaccine willing. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who are either vaccine resistant or vaccine hesitant to those who are vaccine willing at each time point. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances. | Of the 1,403 participants analyzed at baseline, 59 participants were lost to follow up (20 in CBT arm, 21 in inoculation arm, and 18 in standard arm) | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 4 weeks post-intervention |
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| Secondary | Self-reported Receipt of a COVID Vaccine Dose by 6 Months Post-intervention | The investigators define our outcome as self-reported receipt of a COVID vaccine dose in the 6 months post-intervention. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who achieved the outcome. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances and conduct a mediation analysis to attempt to better understand the intervention's mechanisms of action. | Of the 1,403 participants analyzed, 74 were lost to follow up by month 6 (25 in CBT arm, 23 in inoculation arm, and 26 in standard arm) | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 6 months post-intervention |
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| Secondary | Vaccine Willingness Post-intervention | The investigators will estimate vaccine hesitancy at baseline, immediately post-intervention, 4 weeks post-intervention, and at 6 months post-intervention. People who indicate that they are "not willing" to get a vaccine dose will be defined as vaccine resistant, people who indicate that they are "somewhat willing" will be described as vaccine hesitant, and people who report that they are "very willing" or who report having received a vaccine dose will be classified as vaccine willing. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who are either vaccine resistant or vaccine hesitant to those who are vaccine willing at each time point. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances. | Of the 1,403 participants analyzed at baseline, 76 participants were lost to follow up by month 6 (26 in CBT arm, 23 in inoculation arm, and 27 in standard arm) | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 6-months post-intervention |
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| Secondary | Vaccine Willingness Post-intervention | The investigators will estimate vaccine hesitancy at baseline, immediately post-intervention, 4 weeks post-intervention, and at 6 months post-intervention. People who indicate that they are "not willing" to get a vaccine dose will be defined as vaccine resistant, people who indicate that they are "somewhat willing" will be described as vaccine hesitant, and people who report that they are "very willing" or who report having received a vaccine dose will be classified as vaccine willing. Risk ratios will be used to estimate and compare the proportion of participants in each arm who are either vaccine resistant or vaccine hesitant to those who are vaccine willing at each time point. The investigators will adjust for differences in measured pre-baseline variables to address potential imbalances. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | immediately post-intervention |
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Adverse events were collected for 6 months after the intervention.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Attitudinal Inoculation Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video addressing one anti-vaccine "meta-narrative" or issue (e.g., concerns about the vaccine not working) most salient to the entire CHASING COVID study population (per recent historical data) and focused on bolstering resistance to mis/disinformation. Attitudinal inoculation: A brief video focused on bolstering resistance to mis/disinformation about the COVID vaccine. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. | 0 | 466 | 0 | 466 | 0 | 466 |
| EG001 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-informed Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to vaccination, with no inoculation messaging. Cognitive-behavioral therapy-informed intervention: A brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. | 0 | 469 | 0 | 469 | 0 | 469 |
| EG002 | Conventional Public Health Messaging | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements, with no inoculation or CBT-informed messaging. Conventional public health messaging: A brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements with no inoculation messaging. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. | 0 | 468 | 0 | 468 | 0 | 468 |
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The study was conducted during a period of low COVID-19 activity, which may have reduced vaccine uptake. The brief video interventions may have limited impact, and participants were not required to watch them in full. Conducted late in the pandemic, findings may not generalize to earlier periods or future contexts. Follow-up is planned to assess longer-term effects.
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denis Nash | CityUNYSPH | 3473316554 | denis.nash@sph.cuny.edu |
| Sep 10, 2025 |
| Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003142 | Communication |
| D000088823 | Vaccination Hesitancy |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D003863 | Depression |
| D000086382 | COVID-19 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D000072758 | Vaccination Refusal |
| D016312 | Treatment Refusal |
| D000074822 | Treatment Adherence and Compliance |
| D015438 | Health Behavior |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D011024 | Pneumonia, Viral |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D014777 | Virus Diseases |
| D018352 | Coronavirus Infections |
| D003333 | Coronaviridae Infections |
| D030341 | Nidovirales Infections |
| D012327 | RNA Virus Infections |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
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| Between 18 and 65 years |
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| >=65 years |
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| Gender : Female |
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| Gender : Non-binary |
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| White (non-Hispanic) |
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| Black (non-Hispanic) |
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| Asian/American Indian/Pacific (non-Hispanic) |
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| Other/unknown |
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| NorthEast |
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| South |
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| Other |
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| West |
|
| Risk Difference (RD) |
| 0.003 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.013 |
| 0.018 |
RD was calculated as the risk in the CBT arm minus the risk in the standard arm. |
| Other |
| Risk Ratio (RR) | 0.687 | 2-Sided | 95 | 0.194 | 2.436 | The inoculation arm is the numerator and the standard arm is the denominator. | Other |
| Risk Difference (RD) | -0.004 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.018 | 0.010 | RD was calculated as the risk in the inoculation arm minus the risk in the standard arm. | Other |
| OG001 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-informed Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to vaccination, with no inoculation messaging. Cognitive-behavioral therapy-informed intervention: A brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| OG002 | Conventional Public Health Messaging | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements, with no inoculation or CBT-informed messaging. Conventional public health messaging: A brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements with no inoculation messaging. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
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Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to vaccination, with no inoculation messaging.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy-informed intervention: A brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated.
| OG002 | Conventional Public Health Messaging | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements, with no inoculation or CBT-informed messaging. Conventional public health messaging: A brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements with no inoculation messaging. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
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| OG001 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-informed Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to vaccination, with no inoculation messaging. Cognitive-behavioral therapy-informed intervention: A brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| OG002 | Conventional Public Health Messaging | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements, with no inoculation or CBT-informed messaging. Conventional public health messaging: A brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements with no inoculation messaging. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
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Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to vaccination, with no inoculation messaging. Cognitive-behavioral therapy-informed intervention: A brief video using a CBT-informed approach and focused on addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
| OG002 | Conventional Public Health Messaging | Participants randomized to this arm will view a brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements, with no inoculation or CBT-informed messaging. Conventional public health messaging: A brief video conveying conventional public health messaging adapted from a review of public health public service announcements with no inoculation messaging. Participants will receive two messages via text or email (1 and 3 days after the inoculation intervention). These messages will include reminders to get vaccinated. |
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