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The Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Protocol (EMDR) was first developed by Francine Shapiro in 1987 and can be adapted for online and in presence administration. The aim of this study is to assess if a EMDR program (administered both online and in presence, depending on different conditions of patients) may help people recruited from general population suffering from COVID19 second (November 2021 to February 2022) and third (March 2022 to May 2022) quarantine in improving post-traumatic stress (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive-related (OCD) symptoms, as well as disgust, guilt, shame and their subjective unit of distress (SUD) and validity of cognition (VoC) levels.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8-week EMDR Intervention | Experimental | Phase 1: The therapist and client develop a secure working relationship. The client's history is discussed and a treatment plan is developed. Phase 2: The therapist explains the EMDR therapy process. Phase 3: The target event is identified. Baseline measures are set using the Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUD) and the Validity of Cognition (VOC) scale. Phase 4: Desensitization, sounds, or taps are begun while focusing on the traumatic event until the client's SUD reduces to zero. Phase 5: The client associates and strengthens a positive belief with the target event until it feels true. Phase 6: The client is asked to hold in mind the target event and the positive belief while scanning the body. Phase 7: Reprocessing is complete when the client feels neutral about it (SUD=0, VOC=7), and the body is clear of disturbance. Phase 8: The client and therapist discuss processed memories to ensure that distress is low and that the positive cognition is strong. |
|
| Control condition - No intervention | No Intervention | The control group will follow routine daily activities |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMDR | Behavioral | Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (as described in the 8-phases protocol), administered both online or in presence. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms - Pre-intervention | Post-Traumatic symptoms are measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 88. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | IES-R is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms - Pre-intervention | Obsessive-Compulsive symptoms are measured using the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 80. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | DOCS is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Body Perception - Pre-intervention | Body Perception is measured using the Body Perception Questionnaire-22 (BPQ-22). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 22 to a maximum value of 66. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | BPQ-22 is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Guilt and Shame - Pre-intervention | Guilt and Shame are measured using the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 16 to a maximum value of 112. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | GASP is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Disgust - Pre-intervention | Disgust is measured using the Three Domain of Disgust Scale (TDDS). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 126. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | TDDS is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Mental Contamination - Pre-intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Anxiety Symptoms - Pre-intervention | Anxiety symptoms are measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21).The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 63. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | DASS-21 is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Depression Symptoms - Pre-intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Andrea Poli, PsyD | University of Pisa | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Pisa | Pisa | 56126 | Italy |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 38988736 | Derived | Miccoli M, Poli A. Randomized trial on the effects of an EMDR intervention on traumatic and obsessive symptoms during the COVID-19 quarantine: a psychometric study. Front Psychiatry. 2024 Jun 26;15:1369216. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1369216. eCollection 2024. |
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Raw data are available on request.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D054198 | Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma |
| D013313 | Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic |
| D009771 | Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007945 | Leukemia, Lymphoid |
| D007938 | Leukemia |
| D009370 | Neoplasms by Histologic Type |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D057169 | Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003887 | Desensitization, Psychologic |
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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Mental Contamination is measured using the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-Mental Contamination scale (VOCI-MC). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 80. Lower Likert score means a better outcome |
| VOCI-MC is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms - Post-intervention | Post-Traumatic symptoms are measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 88. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | IES-R is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms - Post-intervention | Obsessive-Compulsive symptoms are measured using the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 80. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | DOCS is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Body Perception - Post-intervention | Body Perception is measured using the Body Perception Questionnaire-22 (BPQ-22). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 22 to a maximum value of 66. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | BPQ-22 is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Guilt and Shame - Post-intervention | Guilt and Shame are measured using the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 16 to a maximum value of 112. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | GASP is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Disgust - Post-intervention | Disgust is measured using the Three Domain of Disgust Scale (TDDS). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 126. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | TDDS is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Mental Contamination - Post-intervention | Mental Contamination is measured using the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-Mental Contamination scale (VOCI-MC). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 80. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | VOCI-MC is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
Depression symptoms are measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 63. Lower Likert score means a better outcome |
| DASS-21 is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| General distress symptoms - Pre-intervention | General distress symptoms are measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 63. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | DASS-21 is measured immediately before the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Anxiety Symptoms - Post-intervention | Anxiety symptoms are measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 63. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | DASS-21 is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| Depression Symptoms - Post-intervention | Depression symptoms are measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 63. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | DASS-21 is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| General distress symptoms - Post-intervention | General distress symptoms are measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). The scale ranges from a minimum value of 0 to a maximum value of 63. Lower Likert score means a better outcome | DASS-21 is measured immediately after the 8-week EMDR intervention |
| D006402 |
| Hematologic Diseases |
| D006425 | Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases |
| D008232 | Lymphoproliferative Disorders |
| D008206 | Lymphatic Diseases |
| D007160 | Immunoproliferative Disorders |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |
| D040921 | Stress Disorders, Traumatic |
| D000068099 | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |