Heterogeneity and Development of Early COPD

Heterogeneity and Disease Development of Early Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics and heterogeneities of early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to determine the disease development of early COPD, and to establish a multidimensional model for predicting the outcomes of early COPD.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The individuals who meet the defining criteria of PRISm, COPD Stage 0, Pre-COPD, Early COPD, Young COPD, and Mild COPD, according to the latest GOLD documents and publications.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age < 18 years or > 80 years;
• Pregnant or maternal women;
• Having malignant and active tumor(s), and receiving treatment;
• Undergoing a surgical operation;
• Having problems with mental awareness;
• Having difficulties in daily activities;
• Participating in other interventional clinical trials.