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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of iontophoresis and phonophoresis applications added to conventional treatment on pain, range of motion, disability, and functional status in the shoulder region in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.
Randomization: Forty-seven patients were assessed, and 43 completed the study in this randomized trial. The participants were divided into two groups (Iontophoresis:22 and Phonophoresis:21) using the online randomization software (www.randomizer.org). All patients gave written informed consent after being verbally informed about the study.
Assessment Period: Assessments were conducted twice, at the start and after completion of the 10-session treatment program.
Session Period: All treatment programs were delivered five days per week for two weeks. The total number of sessions was ten.
Analysis: The statistical analysis was performed using version 21 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).To verify normal distribution, the Shapiro-Wilk test and histogram curves were utilized. Descriptive statistics for parametric variables included mean, standard deviation, and percentage. Since the data exhibited normal distribution, independent sample T-tests were used for group comparison while paired sample T-tests were used to detect changes within the group. The significance level of p<0.05 was deemed acceptable for all analyses. For variables with nominal assessments, data were analyzed utilizing Yates Continuity Correction and Fisher's exact chi-square test.
The post hoc power of the study was calculated using Gpower 3.1.9.1 software. The resting VAS scores was taken as reference. In this context, Cohen's effect size was calculated as 1.00. When the alpha error was accepted as 5%, and effect size was 1.00, the post hoc power was found to be 94.27%.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| IONTOPHORESIS | Experimental | The group that received 75 mg diclofenac sodium with Chattanooga Physio device. |
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| PHONOPHORESIS | Experimental | It is a treatment performed by applying 75 mg of 1% diclofenac sodium gel to the intervention area with the Chattanooga ultrasound device. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iontophoresis Intervention | Procedure | Iontophoresis was applied with a Chattanooga Physio (DJO Global, Herentals, Belgium) brand device. The galvanic current mode was selected for the intervention. Intervention area was cleaned to prevent irritation and active electrode pad (cathode-5 cm2) was immersed in 75 mg diclofenac sodium solution. The current intensity of the application for 10 minutes was 0.1-0.2 mA/cm2. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Analog Scale | This scale assess the pain of the patients. The scale is scored from 0-10, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating intolerable pain. | At the baseline |
| Visual Analog Scale | This scale assess the pain of the patients. The scale is scored from 0-10, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating intolerable pain. | Immediately after 10 physiotherapy sessions on consecutive days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Data Form | It is a form containing the descriptive characteristics of the patients. | At the baseline |
| Range of Motion | The angular values of flexion, extension, abduction, internal and external rotation performed actively by the patients were examined with a universal goniometer. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marmara University | Istanbul | 34083 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019534 | Shoulder Impingement Syndrome |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D000070599 | Shoulder Injuries |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015612 | Phonophoresis |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004333 | Drug Administration Routes |
| D004358 | Drug Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
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There were two separate groups in the study. The first group received iontophoresis and the other group received phonophoresis. The effects on treatment outcomes were compared.
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| Phonophoresis | Procedure | Phonophoresis was performed with a Chattanooga brand ultrasound device (Chattanooga, Intelect Legend Ultrasound, TN, USA). 75 mg gel containing 1% diclofenac sodium was applied to the shoulder area. The ultrasound was conducted continuously for 6 minutes with frequency of 1 MHz and an intensity of 1.5 watts/cm2. |
|
| Conventional Therapy | Procedure | All groups received a treatment program consisting of hot pack, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Shoulder girdle exercises for 30 minutes. |
|
| At the baseline |
| Range of Motion | The angular values of flexion, extension, abduction, internal and external rotation performed actively by the patients were examined with a universal goniometer. | Immediately after 10 physiotherapy sessions on consecutive days |
| Shoulder Disability Questionnaire | This scale is a sixteen-item scale that assesses disability in individuals with shoulder complaints | At the baseline |
| Shoulder Disability Questionnaire | This scale is a sixteen-item scale that assesses disability in individuals with shoulder complaints | Immediately after 10 physiotherapy sessions on consecutive days |
| Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire | In the scale, the functional status of individuals with shoulder pathology is questioned during their daily activities, and it is an assessment form filled by the patients themselves. | At the baseline |
| Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire | In the scale, the functional status of individuals with shoulder pathology is questioned during their daily activities, and it is an assessment form filled by the patients themselves. | Immediately after 10 physiotherapy sessions on consecutive days |
| D009461 |
| Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |