In this study, we investigated the clinical variability in paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with acute brain injury and examined the prognostic value of the Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity Assessment Measure (PSH-AM) in relation to Doppler ultrasound assessment of volume status, right heart function, and pulmonary edema. Thirty patients with ABI were prospectively enrolled. A correlation analysis between the PSH-AM score and related clinical indicators was performed using Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the prediction of the 6-month Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended score for neurorehabilitation prognosis.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Only adult patients (>18 years of age) were included. The other inclusion criteria were 1) definite cerebrovascular accident or craniocerebral injury (a clear change in consciousness or suggestive imaging); 2) the ability to undergo ultrasound to obtain information on volume status and cardiac and pulmonary monitoring; and 3) fulfilment of the measurement conditions.

Exclusion Criteria:

• The exclusion criteria were 1) a history of cardiovascular disease, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, or atrial fibrillation; 2) presence of severe valvular disease or an EF of <30%; 3) chronic lung disease; 4) chronic liver failure or renal insufficiency; 5) comorbid malignant neoplasm or acute/chronic infectious disease prior to craniocerebral injury; 6) pregnancy or breastfeeding; 7) history of psychiatric disorders; 8) history of drug abuse or alcohol misuse; 9) history of β-blocker use; 10) comorbid spinal cord injury; 11) death or discharge from hospital within 5 days of hospitalization.

Only adult patients (>18 years of age) were included. The other inclusion criteria were a definite cerebrovascular accident or craniocerebral injury (a clear change in consciousness or suggestive imaging); the ability to undergo an ultrasound to obtain information on volume status and cardiac and pulmonary monitoring; and fulfillment of the measurement conditions.