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Primary aim: comparing the efficacy of standard PCNL and endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) in the Galdakao-modified Supine Valdivia (GMSV) position in a single session for the treatment of complex nephrolithiasis in obese patients.
Secondary aim: comparing safety and complications of standard PCNL and ECIRS in the GMSV.
Complex nephrolithiasis including multiple peripheral or branched (partial or complete staghorn calculi) renal stones, is still currently an intractable problem for urologists to achieve stone-free status and minimize complication rates. According to the European Association of Urology Urolithiasis Guidelines, retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is recommended as first-line treatment for renal stones < 2 cm, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is recommended as the gold standard for renal stones ≥ 2 cm in length.
Obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for stone formation in the United States. Obesity (BMI >35) also places surgical patients at a greater risk of complications, because of the increased incidence in this group of diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, postoperative deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism, and because of poor radiographic visualization, obscure anatomic landmarks, more difficult renal access, and inferior stone-free rates.
Standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the recommended treatment by major guidelines. However, multiple tracts or sessions of PCNL were required to obtain a high stone-free rate (SFR) for complex renal calculi, especially staghorn stones, while procedure-related complications increased concomitantly. To acquire a higher SFR, full access to the entire intrarenal collecting system is the final goal of treatment for these patients suffering from multiple calyceal or peripheral satellite calculi, which is technically challenging by means of RIRS or PCNL monotherapy.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Percutaneous nephrolithotomy | Active Comparator | the standard-PCNL group (will be performed by urologists with more than 2 years of experience of PCNL), Fluoroscopic-guided percutaneous renal access will be done for patients in the prone position. |
|
| Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery | Active Comparator | the ECIRS group (will be performed by urologists with more than 2 years of experience of PCNL and RIRS), patients will be oriented in the GMSV position.flexible ureteroscope will be inserted through the access sheath to observe the stone distributions. Under the guidance of fluoroscopy and endoscopic vision, a 18-20 Fr percutaneous tract will be established using sequential fascial dilators and a matching sheath for stone manipulation simultaneously. We use a 12-F nephroscope (Karl Storz). |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery | Procedure | Combined complex stone clearance with mini-nephroscope and flexible URS |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Efficacy of PCNL vs ECIRS | Operative duration in minutes (from positioning to the end of the procedure) will be recorded for the two groups Stone-free status will be evaluated with a plain abdominal radiograph of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) for radiopaque stones and NCCT for lucent stones before hospital discharge. Stone-free status is defined as no or small calyceal residuals of ≤ 4 mm (clinically insignificant residual fragment) without infection. | 2 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Safety and complication of PCNL Vs ECIRS | Intraoperative complications will be recorded and 30-day postoperative complications will be graded according to the modified Clavien classification. | 1 month. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moataz bellah M. Adel, Master degree | Contact | +201065440699 | 02 | mezzomezzo2@gmail.com |
| Ahmed M. Higazy, Phd | Contact | 01002609801 | 02 | Ahmedmaherhigazy@gmail.com |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ain Shams University Hospitals | Recruiting | Cairo | 11361 | Egypt |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 35455648 | Background | Liu YH, Jhou HJ, Chou MH, Wu ST, Cha TL, Yu DS, Sun GH, Chen PH, Meng E. Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery Versus Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Complex Renal Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med. 2022 Mar 28;12(4):532. doi: 10.3390/jpm12040532. | |
| 22057344 | Background | Cracco CM, Scoffone CM. ECIRS (Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery) in the Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position: a new life for percutaneous surgery? World J Urol. 2011 Dec;29(6):821-7. doi: 10.1007/s00345-011-0790-0. Epub 2011 Nov 6. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D053040 | Nephrolithiasis |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000074642 | Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010535 | Laparoscopy |
| D004724 | Endoscopy |
| D019060 | Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures |
| D013514 | Surgical Procedures, Operative |
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1st patient in the PCNL group , 2nd patient in ECIRS group and so on .
| Percutaneous nephrolithotomy | Procedure | Clearance of renal stone with nephroscope in prone position |
|
|
| 32877638 | Background | Cracco CM, Scoffone CM. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) - Tips and tricks to improve outcomes: A systematic review. Turk J Urol. 2020 Nov;46(Supp. 1):S46-S57. doi: 10.5152/tud.2020.20282. Epub 2020 Aug 25. |
| 33887891 | Background | Grosso AA, Sessa F, Campi R, Viola L, Polverino P, Crisci A, Salvi M, Liatsikos E, Feu OA, DI Maida F, Tellini R, Traxer O, Cocci A, Mari A, Fiori C, Porpiglia F, Carini M, Tuccio A, Minervini A. Intraoperative and postoperative surgical complications after ureteroscopy, retrograde intrarenal surgery, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review. Minerva Urol Nephrol. 2021 Jun;73(3):309-332. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6051.21.04294-4. Epub 2021 Apr 22. |
| 28124111 | Background | Knoll T, Daels F, Desai J, Hoznek A, Knudsen B, Montanari E, Scoffone C, Skolarikos A, Tozawa K. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: technique. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1361-1368. doi: 10.1007/s00345-017-2001-0. Epub 2017 Jan 25. |
| 40681329 | Derived | Tawfeek AM, Higazy A, Elkenany MM, Taema K, Arafa H. Mini-Endoscopic Combined Intrarenal Surgery vs Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Management of Complex Nephrolithiasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Endourol. 2025 Oct;39(10):998-1004. doi: 10.1177/08927790251360265. Epub 2025 Jul 18. |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052878 | Urolithiasis |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D013520 | Urologic Surgical Procedures |
| D013519 | Urogenital Surgical Procedures |