The goal of this intervention study is to investigate the effectiveness of two mind-body interventions - yoga, and arts-based approaches in improving the psycho-social-spiritual well-being among PD patients. The hypotheses include:

H1: Yoga and arts-based interventions will significantly improve the psycho-social-spiritual well-being among PD patients H2: Yoga and arts-based interventions will significantly alleviate or maintain PD-related symptoms and severity levels H3: There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of yoga and arts-based interventions on psycho-social-spiritual well-being among PD patients

Eligible individuals will be invited to a baseline assessment followed by a randomization to the two intervention groups. A repeated outcome measure will be conducted at baseline (prior to randomization) (T0), 3-month (T1), 6-month (T2), 9-month (T3) follow-up after baseline assessment, to investigate the immediate and long-term effects.

Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, usually results in physical deterioration, as well as a spectrum of psychosocial sequels that could bring various challenges on one's daily lives. Patients experience common motor symptoms, including tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, in parallel with psychosocial stressors (i.e., non- motor symptoms NMS), such as sleep disturbance, cognitive deficits, gastrointestinal symptoms, dopaminergic drug-induced behaviors (e.g., hallucination, impulse control issues) and mood disturbance (e.g., depression, anxiety). While 21% of individuals struggling with the disease reported at least one of these psychosocial symptoms within the initial stage of the disease, they are generally at risk for increased emotional distress, cognitive declines, and elevated stress hormone (cortisol) levels.

Both motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease could affect the quality of life of individuals and that of their caregivers. A cross-sectional study conducted by our research team has explored the symptom burden and support care needs in people with PD across East and Southern Asia (n=186), revealing significant unmet needs among Hong Kong PD patients regarding their psychosocial-spiritual concerns. In particular, they experience significant, moderate palliative care needs at the early to middle course of the illness. The extent of unmet support care needs among patients with mild to moderate PD is as great as that among patients with other chronic health conditions, such as advanced cancer, late-stage lung cancer, stage 4/5 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and late stage chronic kidney disease. The visible and unpredictable symptoms of a distorted body (e.g., tremor and gait dysfunction) and the suppressed expressions due to having a masked face, reduced voice and slurred speech often results in difficulty seeking help and stigmatization of the disease.

Despite the tremendous influences and common occurrence of NMS, they are surprisingly under- recognized in clinical practice because of the lack of spontaneous verbal complaints by the patients, as well as the lack of systematic questioning by healthcare professionals. A qualitative exploration of the illness experience of local PD patients highlighted the importance and urgent need for holistic PD interventions that emphasizes on early identification and preventive measures of individual who are at risk for PD patients, alleviation of the effects of the psychological sequels to PD patients, as well as the reduction of stigma and promotion of community support towards PD.

The study adopts a 2-arm randomized controlled design, aiming to investigate the effectiveness of two mind-body interventions - yoga, and arts-based approaches in improving the psycho-social-spiritual well-being among PD patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults who are diagnosed with idiopathic, mild-to-advance PD as indicated by Hoehn and Yahr Scale (19) Stage I to IV (those with unilateral/bilateral symptoms, with/without postural instability who are able to walk at least 3 meters or stand unassisted);
• aged 18 or above;
• able to give written informed consent;
• able to access to the internet and smartphone/ tablet/ laptop will be included; and
• able to comprehend Chinese will be included.

Exclusion Criteria:

• participants have significant cognitive impairment as indicated by the Abbreviated Mental Test lower than 6 significant
• participants have been regularly engaged in regular instructor-led mind-body exercise (e.g., Taichi) or arts-based therapies (>2 times per week) in the past 3 months
• currently participating in any other behavioral or pharmacological trial
• participants have other contraindication(s) that may limit their full participation (e.g. severe hearing or vision impairment, etc.).

Due to the nature of this trial, neither the staff, participants nor care provider can be masked to allocation. The data analyst will be blinded after study completion by having the intervention group information coded.