Fentanyl and esketamine are both standard of care for treatment of acute severe traumatic pain in the prehospital setting in the Netherlands. However, it is not known whether they are equally effective and safe. It is also not known whether intranasal (IN) administration of fentanyl or esketamine is equally effective and safe as intravenous (IV) administration.

The FORE-PAIN trial is a double-blind multi-arm randomized non-inferiority trial comparing Fentanyl IN, esketamine IV and esketamine IN (intervention arms) to fentanyl IV (comparator arm) for prehospital management of traumatic pain. The investigators hypothesize that all intervention arms provide analgesia that is non-inferior to the comparator arm, and that all study arms are equally safe.

Inclusion Criteria:

• age ≥ 18 years
• pain has been caused by a trauma (any trauma mechanism) that occurred on the same day
• Emergency Medical Services personnel determines that administration of a strong opioid or esketamine for analgesia is required
• patient will be transported to a hospital

Exclusion Criteria:

• (estimated) weight <40 or >100 kg
• subject does not understand Dutch or English
• inability to report pain score
• inability to give IN or IV medication
• known severe cardiovascular disease
• pre-eclampsia
• Glasgow Coma Scale score < 11
• subject is known to have previously declined participation in medical research

Metadata and final data will be published. Conditions for reuse apply.

Metadata are published before locking of the database. The final data are published at the time of the journal article's publication.

Conditions for reuse of data are described in the patient information folder. Access to the data can be granted by the Principal Investigator based on these criteria.