To explore the efficacy and safety of prolonged low-dose decitabine (10 days of 6mg/m2) plus venetoclax (3 weeks/cycle) regimen in primary diagnosed elderly or frail AML/ high-risk MDS.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are hematological malignancies. Some patients are over 65 years old, have poor response to traditional chemotherapy, and rarely have the opportunity to receive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, resulting in poor prognosis and short survival.

In recent years, with the advent of molecular targeted drugs Bcl-2 inhibitors, the treatment of elderly AML/ high-risk MDS has achieved breakthrough progress. In particular, the combination of demethylated drugs (decitabine/azacidacidin) and Bcl-2 inhibitors of chemotherapy-free regimen has been recommended by NCCN as the first-line treatment for elderly and frail patients.

However, how to achieve the optimal combination of decitabine and Bcl-2 inhibitors is an urgent problem to be solved.

Our previous pilot trial showed that prolonged low-dose decitabine combined with venetoclax (Bcl-2 inhibitor) resulted in higher complete remission rate, longer disease-free survival, and lower treatment-related risks.

The purpose of this study was to expand the multi-center sample to explore the efficacy and safety of prolonged low-dose decitabine plus venetoclax regimen in primary diagnosed elderly or frail AML/ high-risk MDS.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients must be diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (non-acute promyelocytic leukemia)/high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome before admission.

   Diagnostic criteria refer to 2016 WHO classification.

2. Age 60 or older.

3. The scores of physical fitness in the Eastern Tumor Cooperative group (ECOG) ranged from 0 to 3(see Appendix 1).

4. Creatinine clearance ≥30 mL/min(as assessed by the Cockcrod-Gault formula [Cockcroft et al 1976] [13] or the estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] from the Kidney Drink adjustment formula .

5. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)≤3× upper limit of normal range (ULN), total bilirubin ≤2×ULN.

6. Echocardiography (ECHO) showed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)≥50% (AHA 2016).

7. Life expectancy >8 weeks.

8. Sign the informed consent voluntarily, and understand and comply with the requirements of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age <60 years old.
2. Treated patients who had received various chemotherapy regiments.
3. Present clinically significant active cardiovascular disease, such as uncontrolled arrhythmia, uncontrolled hypertension, congestive heart failure, any grade 3 or 4 heart disease as determined by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional scale (see Appendix 2), or history of myocardial infarction in the 6 months prior to screening.
4. Other serious diseases that may limit participation in the trial (e.g. advanced infections, uncontrolled diabetes).
5. Those who cannot understand and follow the research plan or sign the informed consent.