We retrospectively analyzed lung cancer patients who had NAICT and surgery in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital. NAICT was defined as chemotherapy that included at one application of PD-1 inhibitor.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Lung surgery was performed in the Department of Thoracic Surgery at Zhongshan Hospital;
2. At least one cycle of neoadjuvant treatment containing the immune drug PD-1 immunosuppressant was performed before surgery;
3. Malignancy was present and confirmed in the pathology before treatment and after surgery;
4. The lung lesion was the primary lesion.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. No lung surgery was performed until 2022.11;
2. No preoperative neoadjuvant therapy was performed or recorded;
3. Neoadjuvant therapy did not include immune drugs;
4. Previous history of malignancy (including surgery and adjuvant therapy);
5. Previous use of system-related immune medicines, such as immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies; and 6. Other conditions inappropriate for enrollment by the investigator.

patients who received NAICT and were operated at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University between 2017 and 2022.