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The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of shear-wave elastography for the diagnosis and staging of breast cancer related lymphedema by assessing the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the arm and forearm, which could serve as a reference standard and be more easily applicable in daily life; and to investigate the relationship between the patients' symptoms and elastographic measurements.
Both upper extremities of 72 patients with lymphedema and 72 healthy upper extremities were included in the study. The patients' demographic and clinical data were recorded. The thickness and echogenicity of the skin and subcutaneous tissues of all extremities were evaluated with B-mode ultrasonography, and the stiffness of the skin and subcutaneous tissues was evaluated with shear-wave elastography. The lymphedema arm and the healthy arm of the patients were compared both with each other and with the data of the control group. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability analysis was performed for ultrasonography and elastography measurements. The patients' pain, tension, weight, and stiffness symptoms associated with lymphedema were questioned using a numerical scale. The patients' functionality and participation in daily life activities were evaluated with the Quick DASH and Life Impact Index questionnaires. The relationship between these findings and elastographic and ultrasonographic parameters was analyzed.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient Group | Both Extremities of Patients With Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema |
| |
| Control Group | Both Extremities of Healthy People With No History of Breast Cancer |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shear Wave Elastography and B Mode Ultrasonography | Diagnostic Test | We evaluated the both upper extremities of the patient and control group with elastography and B mode ultrasonography. Shear wave elastography evaluates tissue deformation caused by acoustic radiation force. A highly focused ultrasound radiation is produced; The propagation speed of the shear wave depends on the stiffness of the tissue. It is a simple, inexpensive, bedside, widely available, non-invasive technique. B mode USG can be used to assess skin and subcutaneous tissue thickness and echogenicity. Skin and subcutaneous thickness were measured with b mode ultrasound. Skin and subcutaneous tissue stiffness was measured by shear wave ultrasonography |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| B Mode Ultrasonography Measurements | Arm and forearm skin and subcutaneous tissue thicknesses in milimetres evaluated by B mode USG | Day 0 |
| Shear Wave Elastography Measurements | Arm and forearm skin and subcutaneous tissue stiffness in kilopascal evaluated by Shear wave elastography | Day 0 |
| B Mode Ultrasonography Measurements | Arm and forearm skin and subcutaneous tissue SEG and SEFS grades evaluated in echogenicity grade system by B mode USG | Day 0 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Association of USG and SWE Measurements With Symptoms | It is the relationship between the parameters evaluated by USG ( thickness in milimetres echogenity according to grading system) and SWE (stiffness in kilopascal) and the pain, tension, heaviness and stiffness scoring in which symptoms in numeric scale. | Day 0 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
For the patient group
Exclusion Criteria:
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In our study, individuals with breast cancer-related lymphedema diagnosis followed by Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department were included in the patient group, while upper extremity data of healthy volunteers without a known lymphedema history were controlled by one-to-one matching, considering the dominant and lymphedema sides of the patient group. included in the group.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| CANAN ŞANAL TOPRAK | Marmara University | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canan Şanal-Toprak | Istanbul | 34899 | Turkey (Türkiye) | |||
| Marmara University School of Medicine, Pendik Education and Research Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |
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| Quick Dash Questionnare | Diagnostic Test | Quick-DASH is an assessment questionnaire that measures activity and participation limitations in all upper extremity disorders. In the questionnaire, the difficulties of the patients during their daily living activities are questioned with 11 questions. Each answer is scored from 1 to 5 on a Likert scale, from best to worst. |
|
| The Lymphedema Life Impact Scale | Diagnostic Test | The Lymphedema Life Impact Scale is a questionnaire developed to evaluate the physical, functional and psychosocial effects of lymphedema. It consists of 18 questions; It includes 8 physical, 4 psychosocial and 6 functional subgroups. Each question is scored from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating increased seriousness. |
|
| Questioning lymphedema-related symptoms | Diagnostic Test | Arm pain and feeling of tension, heaviness and stiffness in the arm were evaluated separately by numerical scale. This scale is a 10 cm ruler that writes no pain, no tension, no heaviness, no stiffness on one side, and unbearable pain, tension and heaviness on the other side. Patients were asked to rate their associated symptoms on this scale between 0 and 10. |
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| Extremity circumference and volume measurement | Other | For the diagnosis of lymphedema, a detailed physical examination and extremity circumference were measured. This measurement was taken from both wrists to arm height with 4 cm intervals. Those with a circumference difference greater than 2 cm and/or no 10% volume difference were considered preclinical (latent) and those with clinical lymphedema. |
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| Association of USG and SWE Measurements With Functionality |
It is the relationship between the parameters evaluated by USG (thickhickness in milimetres , echogenity according to grading system) and SWE (stiffness in kilopascal) and QUİCK DASH Questionnaire Score |
| Day 0 |
| Association of USG and SWE Measurements With Participation İn Daily Life | It is the relationship between the parameters evaluated by USG (thickness in milimetres ,echogenity according to grading system) and SWE (stiffness in kilopascal) and The Life İmpact Questionnaire Scale | Day 0 |
| Association of USG and SWE Measurements With Volume Measurements | It is the volume measurement of both arms of the patients in cubic centimetre. | Day 0 |
| Istanbul |
| Turkey (Türkiye) |