This research project aims to investigate health communication in hospice outpatient settings and translate findings into practice by designing and testing a communication aid utilizing health information technology. The specific aims are to: (1) identify the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and implications of the concept of illness invalidation; (2) construct a theoretical framework to describe patient-healthcare provider communication; and (3) based on the theoretical framework, establish a tailored communication aid using health information technology; and investigate its effects on patient outcomes, including (a) satisfaction, (b) communication self-efficacy, (c) illness invalidation, (d) shared-decision making experience, (e) health-related quality of life, and (f) emergency room visits.

While health communication is an established field with numerous publications over decades, it is still hard to conceptualize health communication, including the antecedences and consequences of real communication episodes. Before the mid-1900s, the concept of health communication was more like a "common sense" or was pushed to the background as the focus of medicine was on body systems or cell structure, rather than the whole person. Also, the asymmetric nature of the patient-physician relationship contributes to the ignorance of the quality of health communication. Along with the rise of the idea of "marketing," health communication became a distinct field when hospitals considered patients as consumers since 1960s. Health communication is defined as "a multifaceted and multidisciplinary field of research, theory, and practice concerned with reaching different populations and groups to exchange health-related information…in order to influence, engage, empower, and support individuals, communities, health care professions…" By 1990s, the development and importance of the field of health communication was established as the ideal of patient-centered care has become the norm. The number of relevant research has grown since then and reached a peak in 2018. Interestingly, the amount of published health communication studies has decreased continuously after 2019, despite the constant focus on patient-centered, patient empowerment, and shared-decision making. There is even fewer studies addressed populations with diverse culture background or frontline health communication scenarios. The lack of updated evidence in the field contributes to the fragmental knowledge, including not reflecting the impacts of social and technology changes on health communication and theories that can be easily applied to clinical practice.

The lack of interpersonal communication theories considering real-life medical encounters. As described in the definition of health communication, health communication is a multidisciplinary field which can be observed from its complicated theory background. Theories related to interpersonal health communication were often borrowed from behavioral and social science, medical models, or interpersonal communication filed. These theories can be roughly categorized in to two groups: theories that are more related to interpersonal or mass communication. The two groups were distinguished based on accessibility and message personalization. Because this research project focus on patient-provider communication, the following paragraphs mainly discuss evidence related to interpersonal communication which limits accessibility to a smaller group of people and enable more personalized message.

Except for some theories developed in the interpersonal communication field, most theories that were used to guide health communication research does not address communication directly. For example, health believe model, a theory established in behavioral and social science, has been frequently used to observe the impacts of health communication. Nevertheless, none of the key concepts of health believe model was directly linked to communication. Although communication certainly plays important roles in health beliefs, it is difficult to evaluate or improve real patient-provider communication based on health believe model. Although theories developed by interpersonal communication scholars do address communication goals, process, or outcomes directly, there is still a gap between theory and practice. For example, the majority of these interpersonal communication theories were tested in non-medical encounters. Medical encounters differ than other types of encounters in its therapeutic relationship, unequal power, and special goals and environment. It is hard to apply findings derived from other types of encounters to medical encounters. The remaining few interpersonal theories that specifically address medical encounters, such as uncertainty management theories, action-implicative discourse analysis theory, and multiple goals theory, are probably the most appropriate framework to guide practice and research relevant to real patient-provider communication. However, these theories either only look at special, single concept (e.g., uncertainty in uncertainty management theories, goals in multiple goals theory) or belong to grand theory without describing specific relationships between concepts. There is a scant of literature or framework describe patient-provider communication as a whole, including special concepts and their relationships.

Challenges to patient-provider communication are changing and continue to exist. In the early 21st century, one of the major communication problems between provider and patient is related to physician dominance and physician-centered. While the concept of patient-centered care has been advocated, recent research still indicate that physicians failed to elicit patients' agenda in over half of the medical encounters. Similar to international scholars' findings, previous study also showed questionable communication quality in Taiwan's outpatient settings. Specifically, while patients and caregivers had high level of agreement regarding symptom evaluation, the agreement of symptom evaluation between patients and healthcare providers was not optimal. These challenges support the needs to continuously and intensely examine patient-provider communication theory and practice.

The overall aim of this research project is to investigate health communication in hospice outpatient settings and translate findings into practice by designing and testing a communication aid utilizing health information technology. The specific aims are to: (1) identify the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and implication of the concept of illness invalidation; (2) construct a theoretical framework to describe patient-healthcare provider communication; and (3) based on the theoretical framework, establish a tailored communication aid using health information technology.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. terminally ill with a life expectancy of 6 months or less
2. 18-year-old or older
3. able to communicate using Mandarin or Taiwanese

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who are not able to use electronic devices due to physical, psychological, or cognitive issues will be excluded.