Every patient had a cryotherapy session every 2 weeks until complete clearance for a maximum of six sessions and follow-up was done at 3 months after treatment completion to detect any recurrence. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by a decrease in the size (measured by a ruler) and the number of warts with photographic documentation at (the baseline, each visit, 2 weeks after the final session, and the 3 months follow-up period). The response of the treated wart was considered: complete; if there was a disappearance of the wart and appearance of normal skin markings, partial; if the warts had regressed in size or decreased in number and no response; if no decrease in wart size or number.

From each patient 3 ml venous blood was withdrawn under complete aseptic conditions before treatment and 2 weeks after the last treatment session by a disposable plastic syringe. Serum Gal-3 was measured using human Galectin-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

From each control subject, 3 ml venous blood was withdrawn under complete aseptic conditions before treatment and 2 weeks after the last treatment session by a disposable plastic syringe. Serum Gal-3 was measured using human Galectin-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.

Every patient had a cryotherapy session every 2 weeks until complete clearance for a maximum of six sessions and follow-up was done at 3 months after treatment completion to detect any recurrence. Each wart was frozen using the spray technique by CRY-AC Liquid Nitrogen Dispenser Brymill, USA for 10 to 30 seconds until a 1- to 2-mm ice ball halo was formed surrounding the targeted area.

3 ml of venous blood from each patient and control was drawn under strict aseptic conditions employing a single-use plastic syringe. Once the blood had been collected, it was put in a simple tube without an anticoagulant and left there for 30 minutes at room temperature until coagulation had taken place. The tubes were then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 20 minutes. For further examination, an aliquot of the serum was taken and stored at 20 degrees Celsius. Human Galectin-3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits with the catalogue number (ELK2790) from ELK Biotechnology CO., LTD, Wuhan, China, were used to quantify serum Gal-3 in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

All patients had a thorough medical history taken, which included information on their age, sex, occupation, the number of warts, their location, size, and past treatments, as well as any previous systemic or skin conditions or drug use. A thorough examination was performed on each patient to determine the location, kind, size, and number of warts as well as to rule out any systemic or other skin conditions.

Before and two weeks after the last cryotherapy treatment session, serum Galectin-3 was assessed. Every patient had a cryotherapy session every 2 weeks until complete clearance for a maximum of six sessions and follow-up was done at 3 months after treatment completion to detect any recurrence. Each wart was frozen using the spray technique by CRY-AC Liquid Nitrogen Dispenser Brymill, USA for 10 to 30 seconds until an ice ball halo of 1 to 2 mm diameter encircled the intended area.