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type of study: clinical trial the goal of this study is to learn about action observation therapy for cerebral palsy population.
The main question it aim to answer is:
Is action observation therapy effective on balance in children with cerebral palsy? Twenty-four children who met the inclusion criteria in the study will be randomly divided into two groups as the training group(action observation group) and the control group.
The history and demographic information of all cases will be obtained.Action observation therapy will be applied to improve balance. The therapist will verbally explain the program to be applied to both groups. Children with CP will watch the video on the computer screen placed 1 m in front of a chair in which they can sit comfortably, but they will not be allowed to move while watching the video. Children with CP will watch the video of the exercise offered by the therapist and then practice the exercise. The watching time for each exercise is 3 minutes, and after watching 3 minutes, they will do the exercise in the video for 3 minutes. The control group will be shown cartoons. After 3 minutes of monitoring, each exercise will be studied for 3 minutes. In order to increase the effectiveness of the action observation training, the participants will watch the video at the designated time in a quiet and noiseless place. Children will be instructed to concentrate on the video at 1-minute intervals to allow children's attention span. The treatment program will be applied for 30 minutes, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. The first session of the exercise program will be held face-to-face and the other sessions will be followed online. Treatment will be started within the first 48 hours after the evaluation. After the applications, the evaluations at the beginning of the session will be repeated.
Physiotherapy program to be applied:
First week:
Second week:
Third week:
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| action observation therapy group | Experimental | Children will watch the action observation therapy video on the computer screen placed 1 m in front of a chair in which they can sit comfortably, but they will not be allowed to move while watching the video. Children will watch the video of the exercise offered by the therapist and then practice the exercise. The watching time for each exercise is 3 minutes, and after watching 3 minutes, they will do the exercise in the video for 3 minutes.In order to increase the effectiveness of the action observation training. Children will be instructed to concentrate on the video at 1-minute intervals to allow children's attention span. The treatment program will be applied for 30 minutes, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. The first session of the exercise program will be held face-to-face and the other sessions will be followed online. Treatment will be started within the first 48 hours after the evaluation. After the applications, the evaluations at the beginning of the treatment will be repeated. |
|
| control group | No Intervention | Children with CP will watch the video on the computer screen placed 1 m in front of a chair in which they can sit comfortably, but they will not be allowed to move while watching the video. The therapist will explain the exercises verbally. Children will practice the exercise after watching cartoons. The watching time for each exercise is 3 minutes, and after watching 3 minutes of cartoons, they will do the exercise for 3 minutes. Children will be instructed to concentrate on the video at 1-minute intervals to allow children's attention span. The treatment program will be applied for 30 minutes, 5 days a week for 3 weeks. The first session of the exercise program will be held face-to-face and the other sessions will be followed online. Treatment will be started within the first 48 hours after the evaluation. After the applications, pre-treatment evaluations will be repeated. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| action observation | Other | cartoon observation |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pediatric balance scale | The pediatric balance scale is a modified version of the Berg balance scale and is used to evaluate the functional balance ability of school-age children. The scale consists of 14 items, scored from 0 (lowest function) to 4 (highest function), with a maximum score of 56. | 2 days before treatment and after 3 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Gross motor function classification system | The Gross Motor Function Classification System (KMFSS) for CP is based on self-initiated movements with an emphasis on sitting, displacement and mobility. The main criterion when defining the five-level classification system is that the differences between the levels are meaningful in everyday life. General titles of each level LEVEL I: Walks without restrictions. LEVEL II: Walks with restrictions. LEVEL III: Walks using hand-held mobility devices. LEVEL IV: Self-movement is limited. Can use a motorized mobility vehicle. LEVEL V: Transported in a manual wheelchair. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melike Özipek | Contact | +905448704190 | melikesen67@hotmail.com | |
| Fatma Mutluay | Contact | +905333116782 | fmutluay@medipol.edu.tr |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32907374 | Result | Abdelhaleem N, Taher S, Mahmoud M, Hendawy A, Hamed M, Mortada H, Magdy A, Raafat Ezz El-Din M, Zoukiem I, Elshennawy S. Effect of action observation therapy on motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2021 Jan;35(1):51-63. doi: 10.1177/0269215520954345. Epub 2020 Sep 9. | |
| 32570855 |
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| Type | Date | Date Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Release | Jan 6, 2026 | |
| Reset | Jan 21, 2026 |
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| Release Date | Unrelease Date | Unrelease Date Unknown | Reset Date | MCP Release Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan 6, 2026 | Jan 21, 2026 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002547 | Cerebral Palsy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001925 | Brain Damage, Chronic |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| 2 days before treatment |
| Gross motor function measurement-88 | Gross Motor Function Scale (GMFM-88) is divided into 5 main sections. It consists of a total of 88 items, 17 in the supine-prone position and turning section, 20 in the sitting section, 14 in the crawling-over-knee section, 13 in the standing section, and 24 in the walking-running-stair climbing section. | 2 days before treatment and after 3 weeks |
| Lower Extremity Selective Control Evaluation Scale (SCALE) | The evaluation method currently used in the evaluation of selective motor control of the lower extremity is SCALE. Hip, knee, ankle, subtalar joint and toes bilaterally; It scores between 0-2 points. | 2 days before treatment and after 3 weeks |
| Trunk Impairment Scale | The trunk impairment scale evaluates the trunk functionally in terms of strength in sitting position. The trunk impairment scale consists of three subsections: static, dynamic and coordination. The highest scores that can be obtained from the static, dynamic and coordination sub-headings are respectively; 7, 10 and 6 points. The total scale score ranges from 0 to 23. | 2 days before treatment and after 3 weeks |
| Pediatric Outcome Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) | PODCI is one of the scales with proven validity and reliability, which is prepared for both children and adolescents, and is frequently used to determine functional status and evaluate health-related quality of life. The scale has 3 different forms;
As a result, subscale standardized score "0" indicates worse health status and quality of life, "100" score indicates good health status and quality of life. | 2 days before treatment and after 3 weeks |
| Nintendo Wii-Fit Balance Score | After the demographic information of the patient is saved in the device system, the patient is shown how to place his/her foot on the Nintendo Wii Fit balance board, the weight ratio given to the right and left feet (Body Center of Gravity right and left) is evaluated by asking him to stand on the balance board without moving, and the data is recorded as a percentage. | 2 days before treatment and after 3 weeks |
| Timed Get Up and Go Test (TUG) | It is a valid and reliable method used to evaluate functional mobility and static and dynamic balance in CP. From a starting position with hips, knees, and ankles flexed to 90°, participants get up from a chair without arm support, walk 3 meters, return and sit in the chair. The time starts to be recorded with the "go" prompt given by the evaluator and is stopped when the hip touches the chair. | 2 days before treatment and after 3 weeks |
| Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Application | fNIRS is one of the new methods used in the measurement of local cerebral blood flow. It provides information about brain activity in the measured region using optical scattering and absorption of light at wavelengths close to infrared (700-950 nm). | 2 days before treatment and after 3 weeks |
| Jeong YA, Lee BH. Effect of Action Observation Training on Spasticity, Gross Motor Function, and Balance in Children with Diplegia Cerebral Palsy. Children (Basel). 2020 Jun 18;7(6):64. doi: 10.3390/children7060064. |
| 32724782 | Result | Jung Y, Chung EJ, Chun HL, Lee BH. Effects of whole-body vibration combined with action observation on gross motor function, balance, and gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a preliminary study. J Exerc Rehabil. 2020 Jun 30;16(3):249-257. doi: 10.12965/jer.2040136.068. eCollection 2020 Jun. |
| 29764869 | Result | Sgandurra G, Cecchi F, Beani E, Mannari I, Maselli M, Falotico FP, Inguaggiato E, Perazza S, Sicola E, Feys H, Klingels K, Ferrari A, Dario P, Boyd RN, Cioni G. Tele-UPCAT: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial of a home-based Tele-monitored UPper limb Children Action observation Training for participants with unilateral cerebral palsy. BMJ Open. 2018 May 14;8(5):e017819. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017819. |
| 32986904 | Result | Sgandurra G, Biagi L, Fogassi L, Ferrari A, Sicola E, Guzzetta A, Tosetti M, Cioni G. Reorganization of action observation and sensory-motor networks after action observation therapy in children with congenital hemiplegia: A pilot study. Dev Neurobiol. 2020 Sep;80(9-10):351-360. doi: 10.1002/dneu.22783. Epub 2020 Oct 28. |
| 41184905 | Derived | Ozipek M, Saricaoglu M, Hanoglu L, Mutluay F. Action observation therapy effects on motor function and balance in cerebral palsy: an fNIRS-based randomized trial. Trials. 2025 Nov 3;26(1):465. doi: 10.1186/s13063-025-09181-2. |