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The success of conventional physical therapy in the rehabilitation of stroke patients is demonstrated in the light of studies. In this study, the effects of kinesthetic brain exercises, which is a new exercise approach to be applied together with conventional physiotherapy and rehabilitation, on fall risk, balance, and quality of life will be investigated in hemiplegic individuals who have had a stroke. Thus, it is thought that the effectiveness of kinesthetic brain exercises applied together with conventional physiotherapy and rehabilitation will contribute to the literature for the creation of rehabilitation programs.
Stroke is a clinically defined syndrome characterized by rapidly developing symptoms or signs of cerebral dysfunction with no apparent cause other than vascular causes. Symptoms last more than 24 hours and can lead to death. Findings after stroke; upper and lower extremity motor dysfunctions, spasticity, loss of balance and coordination, walking, swallowing, vision, and communication problems. It has been reported that the disability rate ranges from 13-66% and the disability rate varies between 12-64% due to these functional losses that occur after stroke.
In stroke patients, hemiplegic picture occurs depending on the size and location of the damage in the brain. hemiplegia: It is a paralysis that affects the upper and lower extremities of one side of the body. A decrease in muscle strength, loss of sensation and dysfunction occur on the affected side.
After stroke, the lower extremities are severely affected in hemiplegic individuals. Instability of ankle and knee joints is seen in hemiplegic lower extremities. However, due to instability, the center of gravity shifts towards the unaffected side, which causes balance and coordination disorders. Balance and coordination disorders in hemiplegic individuals cause poor performance in activities and an increased incidence of falls.
Kinesthetic brain exercises: Studies investigating the effects of movement, physical activity and exercises on learning and cognitive development have shown that increased attention span, better focus, better behavioral method, and physical activity that contributes to better learning are supported. Conceptually, brain exercises are expressed by the formula: Physical activity + Brain Activity = Better cognitive function.
Neuroplasticity is the basis of kinesthetic brain exercises. In the light of research, it has been found that the brain is in a state of re-activating the activity that cannot be done by using other ways. In rehabilitation sessions, it is aimed to reconstruct these pathways by transforming daily activities into purposeful exercises. According to Dennison, the founder of kinesthetic brain exercises, brain exercises; It is a combination of physical and mental training with a series of physical movements that activate the whole body in turn, improving the neural connections between the two cerebral hemispheres to enhance learning. Kinesthetic brain training consists of twenty-six simple movements combined with deep breathing. Most of these movements are done diagonally. These diagonal movements result in stimulation and integration of different parts of the brain, especially the corpus callosum, which enables faster and more integrated communication between the two hemispheres in the long run. It is claimed that this situation supports the formation of new neural connections between the two hemispheres of the brain. Drabben et al. In their study, they suggest that brain exercises may be considered a useful physical therapy strategy for older adults, as they can have a positive effect on brain functioning.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of kinesthetic brain exercises on lower extremity coordination and balance in hemiplegic individuals who have had a stroke. Thus, it is thought that the effectiveness of kinesthetic brain exercises applied together with conventional physiotherapy and rehabilitation will contribute to the literature for the creation of rehabilitation programs.
Study Hypothesis as follows; Kinesthetic brain exercises have an effect on fall risk, balance and quality of life in hemiplegic individuals who have had a stroke.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| KB Exercises plus Conventional Rehabilitation Group | Experimental | While the participants in the study group will continue the conventional rehabilitation program described below for 3 weeks, lasting 45 minutes on average, 5 sessions a week, they will participate in a total of 9 sessions of kinesthetic brain exercises, 3 sessions a week lasting 30 minutes on average. Kinesthetic Brain Exercises Program; The kinesthetic brain exercises program basically consists of 3 phases: warm-up phase, exercise phase and cool-down phase. |
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| Conventional Rehabilitation Group | Other | Control Group; Conventional Rehabilitation program; strengthening exercises, balance/gait training, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation techniques, neuromuscular electrical stimulation. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KB Exercises Program | Other | Kinesthetic Brain Exercises will carried out for 3 weeks, lasting 45 minutes on average, 5 sessions a week, they will participate in a total of 9 sessions of kinesthetic brain exercises, 3 sessions a week lasting 30 minutes on average. Kinesthetic Brain Exercises Program; The kinesthetic brain exercises program basically consists of 3 phases: warm-up phase, exercise phase and cool-down phase. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of Spasticity | Upper and lower extremity spasticity status will be evaluated according to the modified Ashworth scale. Spasticity score will be calculated by adding upper extremity spasticity scores of fingers, wrist, elbow and shoulder spasticity scores for upper extremity, and spasticity scores for lower extremity by adding toes, ankle, knee and hip spasticity scores. Higher scores indicate high spasticity. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| Brunnstrom Motor Staging | The Brunnstrom motor assessment is used to evaluate motor function of the hemiplegic side, upper-lower extremities, and hand. According to Brunnstrom, the healing process consists of 6 stages. While the 1st stage is the flaccid stage without isolated movement, the 6th stage is the isolated voluntary movement stage. Only the lower extremity section will be used in this study. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| Functional Ambulation Classification (FAS) | The Functional Ambulation Classification is a widely used ambulation scale that evaluates gait. It is scored between 0 and 5 according to the amount of support the patients receive during walking and consists of 6 categories in total. A score of 0 indicates fully dependent ambulation, while a score of 5 indicates completely independent ambulation. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| Activity-Specific Balance Confidence Scale | It is a self-report form that asks people to evaluate their balance performance during 16 activities determined in the home and outdoor environment. The scale consists of 16 different activities and each item is scored between 0-100. A score of 0 indicates no confidence, and a score of 100 indicates full confidence. The total score is obtained by summing each item score and dividing it by the number of items. A score below 50 indicates a low level, a score between 50-80 indicates a moderate level, and a score above 80 indicates a high level of physical activity. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hatice Resorlu, Assoc. Prof. | Çanakkale 18 March University | Study Chair |
| Ferruh Taspinar, Prof. Dr. | Izmir Democracy University | Study Chair |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Izmir Democracy University | Izmir | 35290 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020521 | Stroke |
| D006429 | Hemiplegia |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002561 | Cerebrovascular Disorders |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED
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| Conventional Rehabilitation program | Other | Conventional Rehabilitation program; strengthening exercises, balance/gait training, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation techniques, neuromuscular electrical stimulation. |
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| Timed Sit to Stand Test | It is a test used to evaluate lower extremity performance and fall risk in stroke patients. During the test, the patient sits on the arm support chair with her back straight and is asked to get up and sit 5 times in quick succession, with her arms crossed on her chest. The elapsed time is recorded in seconds. The patient who cannot stand up unassisted is allowed to get support from the chair and is noted as such. The test is repeated 3 times and the average time is taken. The discrimination cut-off value of this test in stroke individuals is accepted as 12 seconds. If the test takes 15 seconds or more, it is accepted as a risk of repeated falls in elderly individuals. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| Timed Up and Go Test | It is a clinical evaluation test used to evaluate fall risk and dynamic balance in individuals. Patients are asked to sit in an upright position on a chair with an upright back, and with the start command, they are asked to walk 3 meters and return to sit on the chair again. The elapsed time is recorded in seconds. If the patient is walking with an assistive device, he is allowed to walk with an assistive device. The test is repeated 3 times and the average time is recorded. If the test takes more than 14 seconds, it indicates an increased risk of falling in stroke patients. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| One Leg Standing Test | The one leg standing test is used to evaluate static balance and postural control. Patients are asked to stand on one leg. The test is finished when the patient touches the ground when he/she stands up or when he/she stands on one leg for 30 seconds. Both legs are repeated 3 times and the average elapsed time is recorded. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| Berg Balance Scale | Berg balance scale is used to evaluate postural control and fall risk. Berg balance scale consists of 14 items. Each item is scored from 0-4 by observing the performance of the individual. A score of 0 indicates that the patient could not do the activity, and 4 points indicate that she completed the activity independently. According to the Berg balance scale, the highest score that can be obtained is 56, and a score below 45 indicates the risk of falling. A score of 0-20 indicates balance disorder, an acceptable balance between 21-40, and a good balance of 41-56 points. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| Assessment of Fall Risk | This scale consists of 2 sections and 19 risk factors. Major risk factors are given 5 points and minor risk factors are given 1 point. Patients with a score of 5 or more on the scale are considered to have a high risk of falling, and patients with a score of less than 5 are considered to have a low risk of falling. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale | This scale consists of 12 fields containing 49 items. These areas are; mobility (6 items), energy (3 items), upper extremity function (5 items), work/production (3 items), temperament (5 items), self-care (5 items), social role (5 items), family role ( It consists of 3 items), vision (3 items), language (5 items), thinking (3 items), and personality traits (3 items). Each fields has a maximum score of 5 and higher scores indicate better quality of life. | Change from Baseline at 3 weeks |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D010243 | Paralysis |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |