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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern | OTHER |
| DCB Research AG | OTHER |
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Exhaled volatile organic compounds will be measured during daytime with the goal to identifying circadian variability. The study incudes three subgroups: people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes, and people with type 2 diabetes. A total of 60 people will be recruited for the study.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| People without diabetes |
| ||
| People with type 1 diabetes |
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| People with type 2 diabetes |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standardized meal | Other | The participants will receive a standardized meal for breakfast |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| VOC Patterns over time as gallery plots | Gallery plots (3D visualization of retention index, drift time, ion current) from selected VOC peaks over time. | During the study procedure (approximately 8 hours) |
| VOC Patterns over time as boxplots | Box plots from selected VOC peaks over time. | During the study procedure (approximately 8 hours) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Capillary blood glucose | Correlation between capillary blood glucose and VOCs | During the study procedure (approximately 8 hours) |
| Correlation between VOCs in breath intestinal microbiota | Correlation between VOCs in breath and intestinal microbiota species abundance |
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Inclusion criteria
Subgroup 1:
Subgroup 2:
Subgroup 3
Exclusion criteria
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60 participants with the following subgroups: Subgroup 1: People without diabetes Subgroup 2: People diagnosed with T1D Subgroup 3: People diagnosed with T2D
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lilian Witthauer | Contact | +41 31 664 22 77 | lilian.witthauer@unibe.ch |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Lilian Witthauer, Prof.Dr. | University of Bern | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Bern | Recruiting | Bern | 3010 | Switzerland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41951262 | Derived | Nicolier C, Rothenbuhler M, Balmer ML, Witthauer L. Daytime circadian patterns of exhaled volatile organic compounds in adults without and with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: protocol for an exploratory observational study. BMJ Open. 2026 Apr 8;16(4):e113892. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113892. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
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The spare aliquots used for the study research will be destroyed after the completion of the study. Purified oral and gut microbiota DNA will be stored up to 10 years.
| day 1 |
| Correlation between VOCs in breath oral microbiota | Correlation between VOCs in breath and oral microbiota species abundance | day 1 |
| Correlation between VOCs and subgroups | Wilcoxon signed-rank test will be used to explore if the patterns in VOCs differ between subgroup: people without diabetes, people living with T1D, and people living with T2D | day 1 or 8 hours |