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The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a VR intervention on (1) stigma, (2) empathy and (3) attitudes towards those experiencing mental disorders.
Participants will review a VR intervention, and complete questionnaires at pre-test, post-test and one month follow-up.
Researchers will compare the VR intervention with a control VR intervention to evaluate the varying effects on stigma, empathy and attitudes towards those experiencing mental disorders.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Experimental | The VR intervention was created using the Unreal Engine software (Unreal Engine, 2022). The VR intervention includes the scenario of a home. Participants will view the home as a first person character and experience psychotic phenomena including auditory hallucinations. The intervention will be delivered in one setting and lasts no more than seven minutes. It will be disseminated using smartphone inserted into VR headset equivalent of google cardboard. |
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| VR control group | Active Comparator | The VR control group will view the scenario of the same home without the simulated visual and auditory hallucinations. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VR intervention | Other | VR intervention of no more than 7 minutes Participants viewed the home as a first person character and experience psychotic phenomena including auditory hallucinations. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Desire for Social Distance | Desire for Social Distance Scale The eight questions are rated on a four-point Likert scale: yes, definitely (0), yes, probably (1), probably not (2) and definitely not (3) with greater scores implying greater desire for social distancing. | pre-intervention, immediately after the intervention, follow-up at 1 month after intervention |
| Personal Stigma | Personal Stigma Scale Personal Stigma Scale consisted of two subscales: 'Personal unpredictable/ dangerousness' and 'Personal weak not sick' The questions were calculated as 'strongly agree' (4) to 'strongly disagree' (0), with greater scores implying greater stigmatizing attitudes. | pre-intervention, immediately after the intervention, follow-up at 1 month after intervention |
| Empathy | Empathetic concern sub-scale of Interpersonal Reactivity Index The 7-item sub-scale is measured on a five point likert scale ranging from 'does not describe me well' (0) to 'describes me very well' (4). | pre-intervention, immediately after the intervention, follow-up at 1 month after intervention |
| Attitudes towards those experiencing mental disorders | modified Attitudes Towards People with Schizophrenia scale The 7-item scale is measured on a nine point likert scale ranging from (1) to (9). Greater scores equate better attitude towards people with schizophrenia. | pre-intervention, immediately after the intervention, follow-up at 1 month after intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | occupation, gender, marital status, ethnic groups, age, years of service | pre-intervention |
| Acceptability of the intervention | Authors constructed questionnaire to assess for acceptability of intervention. A total of 10 questions consisting of 6 multiple choice questions ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree on a 7-point likert scale. An example of one question is, 'I find the intervention engaging'. It also consists of 4 open ended questions. Example of one question is, 'Please list the strength of the intervention' |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institute of Mental Health | Recruiting | Singapore | 539747 | Singapore |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39836956 | Derived | Tay JL, Qu Y, Lim L, Puthran R, Tan CLR, Rajendran R, Wei KC, Xie H, Sim K. Impact of a Virtual Reality Intervention on Stigma, Empathy, and Attitudes Toward Patients With Psychotic Disorders Among Mental Health Care Professionals: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Ment Health. 2025 Jan 21;12:e66925. doi: 10.2196/66925. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| VR control intervention | Other | VR intervention of no more than 7 minutes Participants viewed the same home as a first person character without psychotic phenomena |
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| immediately after the intervention |
| Safety of VR intervention | Visually induced motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire: It consists of six questions that evaluates presence of adverse effects from using the VR intervention from 'never' (0) to 'often' (3). | immediately after the intervention |