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The risk of cardiovascular diseases from red meat consumption varies among individuals due to variations in gut microbiota. L-carnitine in red meat can be converted to TMAO in the body by certain bacteria. Not everyone experiences a significant increase in TMAO levels after consuming carnitine. Gut microbiota differences are observed between high and low TMAO producers. The presence of the gbu gene in gut microbiota is linked to TMAO production. This clinical research aims to determine if the gbu gene can predict TMAO levels after dietary carnitine intake.
The risk of developing cardiovascular diseases due to the consumption of red meat varies among individuals, and this may be attributed to differences in the composition and function of gut microbiota. Studies have found that red meat, rich in L-carnitine, may be metabolized by certain anaerobic bacteria in the intestines to produce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the human body. Previous research utilizing the oral carnitine challenge test (OCCT) revealed that not everyone experiences a significant increase in blood TMAO levels after consuming carnitine. Moreover, individuals with high TMAO production and low TMAO production showed distinct differences in their gut microbiota.
Furthermore, we have discovered a significant correlation between the abundance of the gbu gene in gut microbiota and the production of TMAO in response to dietary carnitine intake. Therefore, through the design of clinical research, we aim to investigate and assess whether the abundance of the gbu gene in gut microbiota can predict the levels of TMAO produced in the human body under dietary carnitine intake.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| L-Carnitine supplementation | Experimental | Participants are required to take a capsule containing 500mg L-carnitine/day continuous for 7-10 days. During the intervention, participants are asked to collect urine sample and dietary record each day. Blood and fecal samples will be collected before and after the intervention. Each participant needs to complete a food frequency questionnaire. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| L-carnitine | Dietary Supplement | Participants are required to take a capsule containing 500mg L-carnitine/day continuous for 7-10 days. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Blood TMAO level measured by LC-MS/MS | up to 7-10 days | |
| Urine TMAO level measured by LC-MS/MS | up to 7-10 days | |
| Fecal gbuB gene abundance measured by qPCR | up to 7-10 days |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Carnitine intake measured by 24hr dietary record | up to 7-10 days | |
| Gut microbiome profiles measured by shotgun metagenome sequencing | up to 7-10 days |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Taiwan University Hospital | Taipei | Taiwan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39722590 | Result | Wu WK, Lo YL, Chiu JY, Hsu CL, Lo IH, Panyod S, Liao YC, Chiu THT, Yang YT, Kuo HC, Zou HB, Chen YH, Chuang HL, Yen JJY, Wang JT, Chiu HM, Hsu CC, Kuo CH, Sheen LY, Kao HL, Wu MS. Gut microbes with the gbu genes determine TMAO production from L-carnitine intake and serve as a biomarker for precision nutrition. Gut Microbes. 2025 Dec;17(1):2446374. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2446374. Epub 2024 Dec 26. |
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The data will be uploaded to be public when the research is published
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002331 | Carnitine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050337 | Trimethyl Ammonium Compounds |
| D000644 | Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
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