The group of subjects underwent active Transcranial ultrasound stimulation for 2 weeks

The group of subjects underwent sham Transcranial ultrasound stimulation for 2 weeks

In each active/sham-ultrasound stimulation experiment, subjects first underwent two baseline motor evoked potential (MEP) tests, with an interval of 15 minutes between the two baseline tests. After 15 minutes of true/pseudo-transcranial ultrasound stimulation, subjects immediately underwent a MEP test, and then 15 minutes later, subjects underwent another MEP test. The MEP was tested again 15 minutes later.

The investigators collected EEG data of participants in resting state and listening to music and the absolute power spectral density values (alpha,beta,theta,delta bands dB/Hz) will be calculated using spectral analysis.

The investigators refined the microstate method to accurately estimate topographical differences. The calculations were performed for measures of duration (ms). The duration of each microstate were utilized to predict disease classification and prognosis evaluation for patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The investigators refined the microstate analysis. The calculations were performed for measures of occurrence (times per minute). The occurrence of microstates were utilized to predict disease classification and prognosis evaluation for patients with disturbance of consciousness.

MMSE includes a series of questions and tasks to assess the individual's memory, attention, calculation, language, spatial, and executive functions. The test items include recalling instructions, reproducing patterns, performing mathematical calculations, naming objects, writing sentences, etc. Each item has different scoring criteria, and scores are assigned based on the participant's responses and performance. The total score is 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive functioning.

MoCA is a standardized assessment tool used to evaluate cognitive function, particularly for early cognitive impairment and mild cognitive impairment. It consists of a series of questions and tasks that cover areas such as memory, attention, executive functions, language, and spatial abilities. Test items include naming animals, drawing a clock, recalling a sequence, task guidance, etc., and each item is assigned a different score. The score range is from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function.