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Background:
Older people in long-term care institutions often have poor sleep quality and depression, which may negatively affect their health and welfare. Binaural beat music (BBM) has been proposed as a possible intervention. However, its effects on older people with poor sleep quality in long-term care institutions is still unclear.
Objective:
This study aimed to examine the effects of binaural beat music on sleep quality, heart rate variability, and depression in older people with poor sleep quality in a long-term care institution
Methods:
A single-blind randomized controlled trial design was employed and 64 older participants with poor sleep quality were recruited from a long-term care institution in Taiwan. Participants were randomized into the BBM group or control (sham) group (32 per group) and received 14 days of intervention. During the intervention period, participants in the experimental group listened to 20 minutes of Taiwanese Hokkien oldies embedded with BBM once in the morning and afternoon thrice a week. Participants in the control group only listened to Taiwanese Hokkien oldies. Questionnaires and heart rate variability analysis were used to assess participants' sleep quality, heart rate variability, and depressive symptoms.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Binaural beat music group (BBM group) | Experimental | 20 minutes of music thrice a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for two weeks (total of 12 times) |
|
| Control group | Sham Comparator | 20 minutes of music thrice a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for two weeks (total of 12 times) |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Binaural beat music group (BBM group) | Other | The participant sat on a chair with eyes closed and wore over-ear stereo headphones to listen to 15 minutes of Taiwanese Hokkien oldies (familiar music, can be selected by participant) with BBM embedded. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | There were 18 questions in the PSQI, and participants used a self-rated method to fill in their sleep quality in the last month on a 4-point Likert scale. The total score range was 0-21 points. The higher the score, the poorer the sleep quality. This scale has seven dimensions, including: (1) Subjective sleep quality; (2) Sleep latency; (3) Sleep duration; (4) Sleep efficiency; (5) Sleep disturbances; (6) Daytime dysfunction; and (7) Use of sleep medication. PSQI had good validity and reliability(Tsai et al., 2005). | On Day 14 of the intervention, the researchers conducted the posttest (second test) at the participants' long-term care institution and the test content was the same as the first test. It took about 10 minutes. |
| HRV analyzer | HRV was used to measure heart rate variability, including five markers: (1) Mean heart rate; (2) SDNN: Standard deviation of all RR intervals, represent the physiological health of autonomic nervous system; the higher the SDNN, the better the physiological health of the autonomic nervous system; (3) nLF: Normalized low frequency, reflects sympathetic nervous activity. The higher the value, the greater the activity; (4) nHF: Normalized high frequency, reflects parasympathetic nervous activity. The higher the value, the greater the activity; (5) LF/HF, a marker reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity. | On Day 14 of the intervention, the researchers conducted the posttest (second test) at the participants' long-term care institution and the test content was the same as the first test. It took about 5 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) | The GDS was a self-rated scale used to evaluate depression status in older people. This scale contained 30 questions and a binary scoring method (Yes/No). We used the 15-item version and the total score ranged from 0 to 15 points. Scores of 0-4, 5-8, 9-11, and 12-15 points indicated normal, mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. A higher total score indicated greater depression severity. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia Univeraity | Taichung | WuFeng | 41354 | Taiwan |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007319 | Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020919 | Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic |
| D020920 | Dyssomnias |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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| Control group | Other | The participant sat on a chair with eyes closed and wore over-ear stereo headphones to listen to 15 minutes of Taiwanese Hokkien oldies (familiar music, can be selected by participant) without BBM embedded. |
|
| On Day 14 of the intervention, the researchers conducted the posttest (second test) at the participants' long-term care institution and the test content was the same as the first test. It took about 5 minutes |
| D001523 |
| Mental Disorders |
| D008722 | Methods |