Relying on fever clinics, this project evaluates the clinical diagnostic efficiency of the three-level pathogen diagnostic system, monitors changes in respiratory pathogens, and realizes real-time monitoring and early warning of acute respiratory infectious diseases in Shanghai.

This study mainly includes subjects who enter the outpatient and emergency departments, fever clinics, and wards of each center from December 2022. According to the clinical manifestations and epidemiological information of the patients, different step-by-step detection methods will be adopted to optimize the allocation of clinical resources and improve the quality of life. This study aims to improve pathogen diagnosis efficiency and achieve regional respiratory early warning.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Acute onset within one week;
2. 18-70 years old;
3. Present with pneumonia (present with pulmonary signs or radiological changes) or influenza-like illness (including the following symptoms: sudden onset of fever (>38 ℃),plus cough and/or other respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath plus one or more systemic symptoms (fatigue, headache ect.))

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Unable to collect nasal/nasopharyngeal swab/wash/aspirate due to structural disorder or mental problem.
2. Patients with psycological problem or unconsciousness who cannot tell the disease history and cooperate with medical examinations;

this study enrolled patients who were admitted to the fever clinics and emergency room for influenza-like illness or pneumonia and pathogenic detection was necessary for clincial diagnosis and treatment.