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This is a pilot study that aims to test the feasibility and safety of a novel Nordic Walking (NW) activity program for community-dwelling older adults who are at risk of falling or experience fear of falling (FOF). The study also aims to determine the distribution and effect sizes of outcomes to inform future sample size calculations and explore participants' perspectives of the intervention.
Participants will be asked to:
If there is a comparison group:
Researchers will compare the intervention group, consisting of older adults participating in the Nordic Walking program, with a control group of older adults who do not receive the intervention. The comparison will be made to determine if Nordic Walking has a significant impact on reducing falls and fear of falling compared to the control group.
Introduction:
this is a pilot study that aims to test the feasibility and safety of a novel Nordic Walking (NW) activity program for community-dwelling older adults who are at risk of falling or experience fear of falling (FOF). The study also aims to determine the distribution and effect sizes of outcomes to inform future sample size calculations and explore participants' perspectives of the intervention.
Background:
Falls and fear of falling are significant concerns among older adults, leading to physical impairments, psychological trauma, and a decline in abilities and quality of life. Exercise has been shown to be effective in improving muscle strength, balance, mobility, and postural control, all of which are risk factors for falls and FOF. However, traditional exercise programs have limitations in terms of cost, sustainability, and long-term adherence. Nordic Walking, a low-risk and low-tech intervention, has emerged as a promising alternative, offering numerous physical and mental health benefits.
Study Design:
The study will be conducted in two stages. Stage One will involve a two-arm, parallel, single-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial. Forty older adults at risk of falling will be recruited and randomly assigned to either a 10-week NW intervention group or a control group. The intervention group will receive supervised NW training sessions and will be coached to practice independently. The control group will receive regular phone calls to discuss healthy lifestyle habits.
Outcome Measures:
The study will collect feasibility and safety data, including recruitment, adherence, and follow-up rates, as well as adverse events. Effectiveness outcomes will be assessed using measures such as the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Stay Independent Falls Risk Assessment Tool, Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale, and the Four-Square Step Test (FSST).
Data Analysis:
Descriptive statistics will be used to characterize participants and feasibility measures. Hedge's effect size and confidence intervals will be calculated. Independent samples t-tests and chi-square tests will be used to compare the intervention and control groups. The main focus of the analysis will be to estimate the effect size, test the intervention's feasibility and safety, and inform future studies.
Sample Size:
The study aims to recruit 40 participants (20 per group) to ensure study robustness and account for potential dropouts.
Stage Two:
In the second stage, qualitative interviews will be conducted with all participants in the intervention group to gather feedback on the acceptability, perceived value, barriers, and facilitators of participating. The data will be analyzed using interpretive description to identify themes and categories.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (Nordic walking) | Experimental | Nordic walking training. These coaching principles will focus on highlighting the participants' strengths and resourcefulness, setting goals, and utilizing solution-focused problem-solving techniques to achieve those goals during practice and related activities . This group sessions will be conducted biweekly to ensure appropriate progression and adherence to the guidelines set by the International Nordic Walking Federation. In addition to the supervised group sessions, participants will also receive supervised NW training from a certified NW instructor. Participants will be encouraged to set goals and develop strategies to facilitate independent practice for at least three 30-minute sessions per week over a period of 10 weeks. These unsupervised sessions aim to encourage participants to engage in regular practice outside of the group sessions. |
|
| Control (phone calls) | No Intervention | The control group will receive regular contact to control for attention and maintain participant engagement throughout the study. Over the course of the 10 weeks, participants in this group will receive 5 biweekly phone calls from the study's graduate research assistant (RA). During each phone call, the RA will engage in discussions with participants about leading a healthy lifestyle in general, covering topics such as proper nutrition and adequate sleep. Additionally, the RA will gather safety-related data, including information on any falls that may have occurred. The phone calls will also serve as reminders for participants about upcoming assessments and their importance in the study. The investigators will provide a training session to the control group following the completion of the study if they are interested. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise training | Other | The intervention will be a combination of both supervised and unsupervised sessions. Participants in the Nordic Walking (NW) treatment group will attend 5 one-hour group sessions, which will incorporate coaching principles. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Estimate the effect size of intervention (Cohen's D) | Effect size estimation is vital in assessing the impact of interventions like Nordic walking and planning future studies. It involves quantifying the magnitude of the intervention's effect on the outcome variable. | Through study completion, an average of 1.5 years |
| Evaluate the adherence rate to the intervention (as a measure of feasibility) | Participant Adherence to the Intervention: This measure examines the extent to which participants adhere to the prescribed Nordic walking program. It involves tracking the frequency, duration, and intensity of Nordic walking sessions completed by participants. Adherence rates can be calculated based on the number of sessions attended or completed as planned. | Through study completion, an average of 1.5 years |
| Assess safety of the intervention | Monitoring Adverse Events: We systematically record and monitor any adverse events or incidents during the study. This includes injuries, discomfort, or any negative effects reported by participants. | Through study completion, an average of 1.5 years |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Timed Up and Go (TUG) to assess fall risk | The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a widely used clinical assessment tool to evaluate mobility and functional mobility, specifically in older adults. While it is not specifically designed to determine the risk of falling, it can provide valuable information that is correlated with fall risk. The TUG test measures the time it takes for an individual to stand up from a chair, walk a set distance (typically 3 meters), turn around, return to the chair, and sit down again. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queens University | Kingston | Ontario | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D000088783 | Nordic Walking |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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This study will be a pilot trial conducted as a two-arm, parallel, single-blind, randomized controlled trial.
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The single-blind design will involve that the assessors are unaware of the group assignments.
|
| Pre (week 0) /post intervention (week 11) |
| Fear of Falling: Fear of falling will be measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) | Scale: Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) Minimum Value: 0 (not at all confident) Maximum Value: 100 (completely confident) Interpretation: In the FES-I, higher scores indicate greater fear of falling. Therefore, a higher score on the FES-I reflects a worse outcome, indicating a higher level of fear and reduced confidence in performing daily activities without falling. Conversely, a lower score on the FES-I suggests a better outcome, indicating a lower level of fear and greater confidence in performing activities without fear of falling. | Pre (week 0) /post intervention (week 11) |
| Performance on the Four-Square Step Test (FSST) will be measured to assess balance. | The Four-Square Step Test (FSST) does not yield a specific score on a scale like some other assessments. Instead, the FSST primarily focuses on the time taken to complete the test and the occurrence of errors or missteps. When assessing FSST performance, the following information is typically recorded: Completion Time: The time the individual takes to complete the FSST is measured in seconds. A shorter completion time generally indicates better balance and agility. Errors or Missteps: The number of errors or missteps made by the individual during the FSST is recorded. Errors can include stepping outside the designated squares, incorrect foot placement, or loss of balance. Fewer errors suggest better balance control and coordination. | Pre (week 0) /post intervention (week 11) |
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| 31910981 | Background | Santini ZI, Jose PE, York Cornwell E, Koyanagi A, Nielsen L, Hinrichsen C, Meilstrup C, Madsen KR, Koushede V. Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): a longitudinal mediation analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Jan;5(1):e62-e70. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30230-0. |
| Background | Queens Gazette. How the School of Rehabilitation Therapy is breaking down barriers to physiotherapy in the Kingston community. In. Kingston, Ontraio, Canada 2021:https://healthsci.queensu.ca/stories/feature/how-school-rehabilitation-therapy-breaking-down barriers-physiotherapy-kingston. |
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| D016138 | Walking |
| D008124 | Locomotion |