The investigators will measure duration of suctioning as a continuous variable among liveborn neonates. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure duration of suctioning as a continuous variable among liveborn neonates. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure duration of suctioning as a continuous variable among liveborn neonates not crying by 30 seconds. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure duration of suctioning as a continuous variable among liveborn neonates not crying by 30 seconds. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will report the proportion of live births not crying by 30 seconds who are suctioned for less than 30 seconds. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure time to BMV as a continuous variable, defining time to BMV as the number of seconds between birth and the start of BMV. They will report time to BMV among all livebirths not crying by 30 seconds who receive BMV. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth and received bag mask ventilation. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure time to BMV as a continuous variable, defining time to BMV as the number of seconds between birth and the start of BMV. They will report time to BMV among all livebirths not crying by 30 seconds who receive BMV. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth and received bag mask ventilation. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will report a dichotomous variable of BMV initiation within 60 seconds after birth. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth and received bag mask ventilation. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will report a dichotomous variable of BMV initiation within 120 seconds after birth. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth and received bag mask ventilation. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure a dichotomous variable of receipt of BMV at any point during delivery room resuscitation among liveborn infants who do not cry by 60 seconds after birth. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 60 seconds after birth. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure duration of suctioning as a continuous variable among liveborn neonates crying by 30 seconds. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who cried by 30 seconds after birth. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure duration of suctioning as a continuous variable among liveborn neonates crying by 30 seconds. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who cried by 30 seconds after birth. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will report the proportion of livebirths crying by 30 seconds who are suctioned. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who cried by 30 seconds after birth. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure the time to HR≥100bpm as a continuous variable among livebirths who have not cried by 30 seconds after birth who have NeoBeat placed. This variable will be collected using NeoBeat.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth, had NeoBeat placed, and had first heart rate < 100 bpm. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure the time to HR≥100bpm as a continuous variable among livebirths who have not cried by 30 seconds after birth who have NeoBeat placed. This variable will be collected using NeoBeat.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth, had NeoBeat placed, and had first heart rate < 100 bpm. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure time from birth to first cry as a continuous variable among liveborn infants who have not cried by 30 seconds after birth. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth with non-missing data for time to first cry. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure time from birth to first cry as a continuous variable among liveborn infants who have not cried by 30 seconds after birth. This variable will be collected via direct observation using the Liveborn application.

This outcome applies to live births directly observed who did not cry by 30 seconds after birth with non-missing data for time to first cry. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will measure 24-hour newborn mortality as a dichotomous variable for all enrolled newborns. In the participating Health Facilities, typical length of stay following birth is more than 24 hours. In the rare instance when a newborn is discharged home prior to 24 hours after birth, the investigators will assume the newborn is alive at 24 hours. If the newborn is transferred prior to discharge, the investigators will contact the referral facility to determine 24-hour vital status.

This outcome applies to all live births. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will define fresh stillbirths based on the provider's documentation in the medical record. The investigators will measure perinatal mortality as a dichotomous variable for all enrolled newborns.

This outcome applies to all births. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.

The investigators will review the subset of stillbirth cases with heart rate (HR) data from NeoBeat to determine whether the case is stillborn or liveborn based on HR. The investigators will define misclassification as cases identified by a provider as stillborn who have a HR per NeoBeat. The investigators will measure the dichotomous outcome of stillbirth misclassification and report the proportion who were misclassified.

This outcome applies to stillbirths directly observed. Newborns with missing gestational age (GA) were excluded from analysis for all outcomes, because categorical GA was used as a fixed effect in the models. Data are reported only for neonates in the control and intervention phases, as this outcome does not apply to pilot neonates or nurse midwives.