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No participants were able to return for regular postoperative follow-up visits.
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The primary aim is to compare the efficacy of neurofeedback training (NFT) and pain management protocol (PMP) in pain reduction, restoration of shoulder function, and improved cognitive performance as the post-operative rehabilitation protocols in shoulder pain patients.
The primary aim is to compare the efficacy of neurofeedback training (NFT) and pain management protocol (PMP) in pain reduction, restoration of shoulder function, and improved cognitive performance as the post-operative rehabilitation protocols in shoulder pain patients. While the former modulates neural activity, the latter focuses on biopsychosocial aspects of pain, respectively. Also, we will measure the peripheral cytokine levels of rotator cuff injury to clarify the possible role of peripheral inflammation on central neural activities. By incorporating the behavior (both motor and cognition), peripheral inflammation, and neural activity, we believe this study would bridge the gap between mind and body as the "whole person" approach to understanding musculoskeletal pain and its appropriate therapy.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neurofeedback group | Experimental | 12 training sessions within 6 weeks, starting with FAA modulation followed by the frontal midline theta upregulations. |
|
| Sham neurofeedback group | Sham Comparator | Same dosage as the neurofeedback group |
|
| Pain management protocol | Active Comparator | The PMP includes cognitive behavioral therapy techniques, and pain neuroscience education. |
|
| Care as usual | No Intervention | Providing medical care as they would normally receive, including a post-surgery exercise program. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neurofeedback training | Device | 12 training sessions within 6 weeks will be provided. In each training session, participants will have neurofeedback training for five 3-minute training periods. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain-related measurement 1: Changes of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) | Using a ruler, the score is determined by measuring the distance (mm) on the 10-cm line between the "no pain" anchor and the patient's mark, providing a range of scores from 0-100. A higher score indicates greater pain intensity. | pre-operative (T0), before and after each training session over 6 week period, and post-operative 12 weeks (T1)[As after training], and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Neuropsychological assessment 1: Changes of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) | The MoCA assesses general cognitive ability. Scores range from 0 to 30. Higher scores denote better cognitive function. | pre-operative (T0), and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Neurophysiology recording 1: Changes of resting EEG oscillatory | Brain activity will be recorded continuously | pre-operative (T0), and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Disease-specific outcome measurement 1: Changes of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Assessment (ASES) | The ASES is a reliable and validated questionnaire that evaluates functional limitations in patients with shoulder dysfunction. Scores range from 0 to 100 with a score of 0 indicating a worse shoulder condition and 100 indicating a better shoulder condition. | pre-operative (T0), post-operative 12 weeks (T1) [As after training], and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain-related measurement 3: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) | The TSK is one of the most frequently employed measures for assessing pain-related fear in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The 11-item TSK total scores range from 11 to 44 where the lowest 11 means no or negligible kinesiophobia, and the higher scores indicate an increasing degree of kinesiophobia. | pre-operative (T0) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Poyu Chen, PhD | Chang Gung University | Study Chair |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020069 | Shoulder Pain |
| D010149 | Pain, Postoperative |
| D000377 | Agnosia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D018771 | Arthralgia |
| D007592 | Joint Diseases |
| D009140 | Musculoskeletal Diseases |
| D010146 | Pain |
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All participants will receive any medical care they would normally receive, including post-surgery exercise program. Those randomized to the usual care group are free to seek whatever treatment, if any, they would like to take.
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| Sham-neurofeedback training | Device | The Sham group has the same training dosage as the neurofeedback group. |
|
| Pain management protocol | Behavioral | The treatment components include sleep psychoeducation, sleep hygiene education, exercise consultation, and cognitive-behavioral pain management, i.e., practice in changing dysfunctional thoughts, setting and working toward behavioral goals, relaxation skills |
|
| Disease-specific outcome measurement 2: Changes of Constant Score (CS) | The CS is a reliable and valid measurement specifically designed for evaluating shoulder joint function. The maximum possible score on the CS is 100, with higher scores indicating better overall shoulder function. | pre-operative (T0), post-operative 12 weeks (T1) [As after training], and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Disease-specific outcome measurement 3: Changes of the health state of EQ-5D-5L | The questionnaire of EQ-5D-5L comprises 5 dimensions, including mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Scores of each dimension range from 1 (no problem) to 5 (unable to/extreme problems); whereas, the numerical description of 5-dimension questionnaire represents the health state. | pre-operative (T0), post-operative 12 weeks (T1) [As after training], and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Mood-related measurement 1: Changes of Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) | The BDI-II is a well-validated questionnaire that assesses the severity of depressive symptoms. The total score ranges from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms. | pre-operative (T0), post-operative 12 weeks (T1) [As after training], and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Mood-related measurement 2: Changes of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | The STAI is a widely used measure of anxiety that consists of two scales: the STAI-S measures state anxiety, which assesses the individual's current emotional condition, and the STAI-T measures trait anxiety, which reflects the person's stable tendency to experience anxiety. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores correlating with greater anxiety. | pre-operative (T0), post-operative 12 weeks (T1) [As after training], and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Subjective sleep quality 1: Changes of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | The PSQI is a widely used and reliable questionnaire that evaluates sleep quality over the past month. Scores range from 0 to 21, with lower scores indicating healthier sleep quality. | pre-operative (T0), post-operative 12 weeks (T1) [As after training], and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Objective sleep quality | Actigraphy with an ambient light sensor | pre-operative (T0), post-operative 12 weeks (T1) [As after training], and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Neuropsychological assessment 2: Changes of subjective cognitive declince | Everyday Cognition (Ecog-12) assesses general subjective cognitive decline. Scores range from 12 to 24. The score of 14 or above indicates subjective cognitive decline. | pre-operative (T0), and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Neuropsychological assessment 3: Changes of Digit Symbol Coding from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III) | Under each digit the subject should write down the corresponding symbol as fast as possible. The number of correct symbols within the allowed time (e.g. 90 or 120 sec) is measured. The more the number of correct symbols, the better the speed of processing. | pre-operative (T0), and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Neuropsychological assessment 4: Changes of Digit Span from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS-IV) | The test consists of three parts: forward span, backward span, and sequencing. In the forward span, the participant is asked to repeat the numbers read in one second intervals following the same order; whereas, in the backward span, the participant is requested to repeat the numbers read in one second intervals in reverse order from the end to the beginning. In the sequencing, the participant is asked to recall and repeat the numbers read in one second intervals in ascending order. The highest score that can be obtained for each part is 16 points, with a total score of 48 points. A higher point indicates better working memory. | pre-operative (T0), and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Neuropsychological assessment 5: Changes of the times in Color Trials Test (CTT) | The CTT is a cognitive assessment tool by connecting numbered circles and color in sequence. The test consists of two parts: CTT 1 (connecting numbered circles from 1 to 25) and CTT 2 (connecting numbered circles from 1 to 25 alternating between two colors). The times in CTT 1 and CTT 2 will be measured respectively. The lesser time indicates greater cognitive flexibility and processing speed. | pre-operative (T0), and post-operative 24 weeks (T2) [As follow-up] |
| Pain-related measurement 4: Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) | The PCS is a 13-item self-report measure designed to assess catastrophic thinking related to pain among adults with pain or not. | pre-operative (T0) |
| Cytokine from Joint fluid (JF) | The aspiration procedures will be performed immediately prior to the creation of skin incisions in the operating room by surgeons under anesthesia. The samples will be transferred to sealed vials, then frozen and stored at 80°C until analysis. The JF samples (50, 100 and 200 lL) will be subjected to measurements of IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-8 levels using ELISA kits. | at the beginning of the surgery |
| D009461 |
| Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D011183 | Postoperative Complications |
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D010468 | Perceptual Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |