The research aims to develop a novel pathological technology, including rapid whole-mount tissue H&E & IHC staining protocol and high-resolution nonlinear optical microscopy imaging system, to intraoperatively assess brain tumor grade, types and other biological parameters.

Brain tumors, especially like glioma, the infiltrative growth pattern resulted in an indistinct margin against normal brain tissues. Surgery is currently the most effective method in prolonging patient's survival, the extent of tumor resection is therefore crucial to the overall outcome. Distinguishing the tumor type and grading can help neurosurgeons plan the intraoperative surgical strategies to cure the suffered patients. Feasible solutions to improve the extent of resections including fluorescence-guided surgery and intraoperative MR imaging are relatively indirect to judge the completeness of tumor resection and its margin; considering means like Moh's surgery performed in the dermatological practice, though it is reasonable to look at the resection proportion by pathological interpretation, it is very time consuming. Besides, many kinds of brain tumors can't be classified only by the outcomes of frozen pathology. There are several related studies trying to solve the problem, but the judgment criteria is not sufficient to meet the standard of modern pathological diagnosis. The research aims to acquire images by optical microscopy from both H&E and IHC stained tissues, and to compare those images with slides obtained by standard pathological workflow in order to achieve accurate and rapid assessment of tumor categories and grading.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients older than the age of 20 with diagnosis of brain tumor (both newly-diagnosed or recurrent) who are suitable and willing to receive resection surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who cannot give consent to participate in the study.
2. The tumor samples failed to give a conclusive pathological diagnosis by standard pathological workflow.
3. Patients who only receives biopsy surgery rather than resection surgery.
4. Significant post-irradiation effect or radiation necrosis reported in the pathological examination.

Patients older than the age of 20 with diagnosis of brain tumor (both newly-diagnosed or recurrent) who are suitable and willing to receive resection surgery will be recruited.