People living with HIV and substance use disorders (SUDs) are less likely to be virally suppressed, which can lead to HIV transmission and negative health outcomes. This hybrid type 1 study will assess the efficacy, mechanisms, as well as facilitators and barriers to implementing the MATTER intervention, a virtually delivered 5-session text-enhanced psychobehavioral intervention designed to facilitate viral suppression by addressing internalized stigma and shame as barriers to engagement in HIV care among individuals living with HIV and SUDs in two locations with different levels of HIV resources (i.e., the Boston, Massachusetts and Miami, Florida metro areas). MATTER aims to mitigate the negative behavioral consequences of internalized stigma and shame on viral suppression by a) developing behavioral self-care goal setting skills and related self-efficacy, b) increasing metacognitive awareness (i.e., non-judgmental awareness of emotions and cognitions), and c) teaching and reinforcing compassionate self-restructuring (i.e., self- compassion), in addition to providing access to phone-based resource navigation. Scalable interventions such as MATTER are essential to our efforts to end the HIV epidemic in high priority regions.

Among individuals living with HIV, substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with inadequate engagement in HIV care, often leading to episodic unsuppressed viral load (VL) or viral rebound, thus driving the epidemic through elevated HIV transmission risk. Behavioral science identifies that internalized stigmas perpetuated by negative experiences related to drug use and unmet needs influences sub-optimal engagement in HIV care, resultant unsuppressed VL, and transmission among people with SUDs. Stigma and related emotions (e.g., shame) compromise health outcomes both directly (e.g., via sub-optimal adherence and appointment attendance) and indirectly (e.g., as obstacles to needed service engagement). Interventions are needed to address stigma and shame as obstacles to viral suppression among individuals living with HIV and SUDs. To meet this need, we developed, refined, and conducted a pilot RCT (K23DA043418) to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the MATTER intervention, an evidence- and community- informed psychobehavioral intervention to facilitate viral suppression by reducing the impact of internalized stigma and shame on engagement in HIV care among individuals with SUDs. The MATTER intervention aims to mitigate the negative behavioral consequences of internalized stigma and shame on viral suppression by a) behavioral self-care goal setting skills and related self-efficacy, b) increasing metacognitive awareness (i.e., non-judgmental awareness of cognitions and emotions), and c) compassionate self-restructuring (i.e., self- compassion). It involves 5- one-on-one virtual therapy sessions and bidirectional personalized text messaging to extend the impact of the intervention while using less interventionist time and phone-based resource navigation. The proposed hybrid type 1 efficacy-implementation study will use the RE-AIM framework to assess: 1) the efficacy of the MATTER intervention on viral suppression at the final 12-month follow up visit compared to a time-matched control arm using a fully powered randomized controlled trial (RCT; N=256), 2) the proposed mechanisms of the MATTER intervention to inform future interventions to mitigate the impact of stigma, and 3) facilitators and obstacles to the reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the MATTER intervention to be conducted in two priority locations with key differences: the Boston, Massachusetts and Miami, Florida metro areas. Should the intervention be efficacious, and the innovative internalized stigma mitigation approach be confirmed, we will be well-positioned to leverage the identified facilitators and obstacles to implementing this intervention among people living with HIV and SUDs in a subsequent hybrid type 2 trial to assess the scalability, including a full cost-effectiveness assessment.

Inclusion Criteria:

• HIV+
• Meet criteria for an illicit (not solely including tobacco, cannabis, or alcohol) SUD
• Endorse internalized stigma related to HIV, substance use, sexual orientation, or gender-identity
• Either the participant reports a detectable viral load during past year OR if on oral ART, they report <80% adherence in the past month OR if on oral ART, they report missing >=7 days of ART in any month in the past year OR for those on long acting injectable (LAI) ART, they report a period of >=14 days in the past year between LAI ART injections OR has a detectable HIV viral load (>20 copies/ mL) in the past year confirmed by medical records or viral load test from blood drawn obtained as part of the baseline visit
• Provide informed consent in English
• Verbally communicate and read in English or Spanish
• Be ≥18 years old
• Provide evidence or documentation of HIV+ status
• Release HIV-related health records
• Have access to a cell phone with text capacity (study will supplement phones and plans as needed consistent with our pilot work).

Exclusion Criteria:

- HIV-