This is a multi-national, observational study program using secondary data sources to address research questions related to 1) real-world dapagliflozin utilisation in CKD and potential for further utilisation, 2), the current CKD treatment landscape and 3) real-world effectiveness of dapagliflozin in CKD (pending feasibility assessment).

OPTIMISE-CKD is an observational study program using secondary data sources to address research questions related to 1) real-world dapagliflozin utilisation in CKD and potential for further utilisation, 2), the current CKD treatment landscape and 3) real-world effectiveness of dapagliflozin in CKD (pending feasibility assessment).

Primary objective: to characterize dapagliflozin 10mg utilisation in clinical practice, by describing treatment naïve patients who (1) are treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg and (2) who are eligible for CKD treatment with dapagliflozin but untreated.

Secondary objectives: to describe the current clinical landscape among incident CKD patients, by:

1. Describing baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, drug utilization, and CKD treatment (RAASi and dapagliflozin 10 mg) patterns; and
2. Describing selected outcomes among overall, treated and untreated incident CKD patients.

Exploratory objectives: to assess the real-world effectiveness of dapagliflozin in CKD patients, pending feasibility.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adult patients (aged ≥18 years)
• Chronic kidney disease (diagnosis code, uACR >30mg/g or 2 eGFR ≥90 days apart, second value ≥75ml/min/1.73m2)
• ≥365 days continuous enrolment in database

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes or dialysis
• History of dapagliflozin 10mg prescriptions before index date

The overall study population will consist of adult (aged > 18 years) patients with CKD

Qualified researchers can request access to anonymized individual patient-level data from AstraZeneca group of companies sponsored clinical trials via the request portal Vivli.org. All requests will be evaluated as per the AZ disclosure commitment: https://astrazenecagrouptrials.pharmacm.com/ST/Submission/Disclosure."Yes", indicates that AZ are accepting requests for IPD, but this does not mean all requests will be approved.

AstraZeneca will meet or exceed data availability as per the commitments made to the EFPIA/PhRMA Data-Sharing Principles. For details of our timelines, please refer to our disclosure commitment at https://astrazenecagrouptrials.pharmacm.com/ST/Submission/Disclosure.

When a request has been approved AstraZeneca will provide access to the anonymized individual patient-level data via secure research environment Vivli.org. A Signed Data Usage Agreement (non-negotiable contract for data accessors) must be in place before accessing requested information.