The goals of this project are to investigate the mechanisms and potential therapies related to exercise capacity in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Patients with chronic renal failure suffer from exercise intolerance and poor physical capacity. Both patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) not yet on dialysis have significant impairments in measures of exercise capacity including peak work capacity (PWC) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). The mechanisms underlying exercise intolerance in CKD are multifactorial and not fully understood, and the mechanistic roles of abnormal neurocirculatory and vascular responses during exercise have not been fully elucidated. Such abnormalities have been found to be an important pathogenic mechanism underlying the exercise dysfunction of other chronic conditions, yet remain largely unexplored in CKD. This translational research program will fill this gap by examining the role of abnormal neural and vascular responses in the pathogenesis of exercise dysfunction in CKD.

The normal physiologic responses to exercise include an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure (BP) that serves to meet the increased metabolic demands of skeletal muscle. The BP response is mediated by a balance between vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory forces induced during exercise. The major vasoconstrictive force is reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) which serves to help shunt blood to working skeletal muscle. Concomitantly, local vasodilation largely mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) opposes sympathetic innervation within the exercising skeletal muscle in order to preserve blood flow and conductance to the metabolically active tissues, termed functional sympatholysis (FS). Conceivably, a derangement in the balance between vasoconstriction (by overactivation of neural SNS outflow) and vasodilation (by impaired FS) could result in an exaggerated BP response during exercise, and contribute to poor exercise tolerance.

Prior studies demonstrate that patients with both ESRD and CKD have an exaggerated increase in BP during isometric and rhythmic exercise. A heightened increase in BP during exercise could contribute to exercise impairment by increasing cardiac workload against an elevated peripheral resistance and impairing muscle blood flow during exercise. Moreover, exaggerated pressor responses during exercise have been shown to correlate with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of this augmented BP response in CKD is crucial. This study will examine the potential mechanisms underlying the exaggerated BP response in CKD patients by evaluating the balance between vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory forces induced during exercise. The researchers hypothesize that CKD patients have an impairment in FS during exercise, an augmentation in vasoconstriction mediated by augmented sympathetic nerve activation in response to greater reductions in muscle interstitial pH, and greater vascular reactivity. The final goal is to determine if interventions that improve NO bioavailability (aerobic exercise training), and improve muscle interstitial pH (sodium bicarbonate supplementation), will ameliorate the exaggerated exercise pressor response, and improve FS and sympathetic nerve activation during exercise in CKD.

The first study aim is to determine the role of muscle interstitial acidosis on the augmented exercise pressor reflex in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients by enrolling 120 individuals with CKD and 36 controls participants without CKD. For the second aim of this study, the participants with CKD will enter a randomized, double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial to determine if sodium bicarbonate enhances the beneficial effects of exercise training on physical functioning in CKD patients. CKD patients will be randomized to take sodium bicarbonate with exercise training or to take a placebo with exercise training for 12 weeks.

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients with CKD (Stages III and IV), kidney transplant recipients with varying degrees of kidney function, or persons without kidney disease as matched study controls
• sedentary and do not regularly exercise (defined as exercising < 20 minutes twice per week)
• CKD patients must have stable renal function (no greater than a decline of estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) of 1 cc/min/1.73 m2 per month over the prior 6 months) and baseline serum bicarbonate 22-24 mmol/L
• comorbid hypertension

Exclusion Criteria:

• severe CKD (eGFR<15 cc/min)
• metabolic alkalosis
• current treatment with bicarbonate
• ongoing drug or alcohol abuse
• diabetic neuropathy, autonomic dysfunction
• any serious disease that might influence survival
• anemia with hemoglobin <10 g/dL
• clinical evidence of heart failure
• volume overload or ejection fraction below 45%
• symptomatic heart disease by EKG, stress test, and/or history
• treatment with central α-agonists (clonidine)
• myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident within the past six months
• uncontrolled hypertension (BP>170/100 mm Hg)
• low BP<100/50 mm Hg
• surgery within the past 3 months
• pregnancy or plans to become pregnant
• inability to exercise on a stationary bicycle
• contraindication to temporary withdrawal of α- and β-blockers
• peripheral arterial disease
• class 3 obesity (BMI>40)
• hypo- or hyperkalemia (K<3.5meq/L, K>5.0 meq/L)
• current use of immunosuppressive medications (including but not limited to steroids, cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate, biologics, methotrexate, etc)
• arteriovenous (AV) fistula/graft
• any contraindication to MR scanning including cardiac pacemaker, cochlear implants, neurostimulators, implanted devices with metal, any metal in the body that could pose a hazard during scanning, history of claustrophobia

De-identified individual participant data that underlie the results of this study will be available to be shared with other researchers.

Data will be available for sharing after the results from this study have been published.

Data will be made available for sharing with researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal, in order to achieve the aims in the approved proposal. Proposals should be directed to jeanie.park@emory.edu. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement.