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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant'Anna | OTHER |
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Interventional prospective longitudinal on the evaluation of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) assisted by motor rehabilitation training for restoring motor function in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). The investigators will enroll ten research participants with clinically incomplete/complete SCI (patients with paraplegia or severe paraparesis) who will undergo SCS subsequently assisted by motor rehabilitation training for restoring motor function at IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. The main goal of the project is to evaluate the improvement in motor function generated by the combination of SCS and locomotor training. In line with recently published studies, the investigators propose that daily locomotor training in the presence of SCS with continuous stimulation parameters setting will enable the SCI individuals to stand and step independently while bearing full weight.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals with functionally complete/incomplete spinal cord injury | Experimental | Individuals with functionally complete/incomplete spinal cord injury (ASIA grade A, B or C) who will undergo SCS for chronic pain |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spinal cord stimulation surgery (device) and motor rehabilitation | Procedure | The first part of the study will involve a preoperative evaluation. Participants' clinical history, neurological, neurophysiological and advanced brain/spine MRI examination will be assessed (Part 1). Subsequently, participants will undergo spinal cord stimulation surgery which involves the implantation of a medical device (Part 2). After the surgery, the research participants will be hospitalized at the Neurosurgery Unit (10 days) to monitor the incision site (Part 3). Thereafter, the patients will be moved (for at least 6 weeks) to the Rehabilitation Unit in order to identify appropriate stimulation parameters for inducing stepping and standing and for starting training. The combination of epidural stimulation with manual step/stand training will be thus evaluated (Part 4). Patients will be finally assessed by clinical evaluation, advanced MRI and neurophysiological examination to study the brain, spine and peripheral functions after six months (Part 5). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Motor changes (MRC) | The Medical Research Council's (MRC) scale of muscle power will be used to evaluate motor weakness. The MRC scale of muscle strength uses a score from Grade 5 (normal) to Grade 0 (no visible contraction) to assess the power of a particular muscle group in relation to the movement of a single joint. | Before surgery, then monthly up to 6-month from surgery |
| Motor changes (LEFS)) | The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) will be used by clinicians as a measure of lower extremity function. It is a questionnaire containing 20 questions about a person's ability to perform everyday tasks (minimum score 0, maximum score 80). | Before surgery, then monthly up to 6-month from surgery |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Spasticity changes | The Modified Ashworth scale will be used to evaluate spasticity. This scale grades the muscle tone from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe spasticity). | Before surgery, then monthly up to 6-month from surgery |
| Longitudinal neurophysiological reorganization (electromyography) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele | Recruiting | Milan | 20132 | Italy |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23147846 | Result | Jackson A, Zimmermann JB. Neural interfaces for the brain and spinal cord--restoring motor function. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012 Dec;8(12):690-9. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.219. Epub 2012 Nov 13. | |
| 29526043 | Result | Sdrulla AD, Guan Y, Raja SN. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Clinical Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms. Pain Pract. 2018 Nov;18(8):1048-1067. doi: 10.1111/papr.12692. Epub 2018 Apr 23. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013119 | Spinal Cord Injuries |
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013118 | Spinal Cord Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D020196 | Trauma, Nervous System |
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Electromyography will be used to evaluate muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve's stimulation. |
| Before surgery and 6 months after procedure |
| Longitudinal neurophysiological reorganization (motor evoked potentials) | Motor evoked potentials will be used to evaluate electrical signals recorded from the descending motor pathways or from muscles following stimulation of motor pathways within the brain. | Before surgery and 6 months after procedure |
| Longitudinal neurophysiological reorganization (sensory evoked potentials) | Sensory evoked potentials will be used to assess electrical activity in the brain in response to sensory stimulation. | Before surgery and 6 months after procedure |
| Longitudinal brain and spine MRI reorganization | Structural and functional brain and spine MRI analysis. | Before surgery and 6 months after procedure |
| Chronic pain changes (MPQ) | The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) can be used to evaluate a person experiencing significant pain. It consists of 15 descriptors (11 sensory; 4 affective) which are rated on an intensity scale as 0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate or 3 = severe. | Before surgery and 6 months after procedure |
| Chronic pain changes (PCS) | The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) assesses the extent of catastrophic thinking. It assesses the extent of catastrophic thinking due to low back pain according to 3 components: rumination, magnification, and helplessness. It is a 13-item scale, with a total range of 0 to 52. Higher scores are associated with higher amounts of pain catastrophizing. | Before surgery and 6 months after procedure |
| Chronic pain changes (ASC-12) | 12-item Allodynia Symptom Checklist (ASC-12) evaluates presence of allodynia and hypoesthesia. | Before surgery and 6 months after procedure |
| 34706778 | Result | Seanez I, Capogrosso M. Motor improvements enabled by spinal cord stimulation combined with physical training after spinal cord injury: review of experimental evidence in animals and humans. Bioelectron Med. 2021 Oct 28;7(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s42234-021-00077-5. |
| 30250140 | Result | Gill ML, Grahn PJ, Calvert JS, Linde MB, Lavrov IA, Strommen JA, Beck LA, Sayenko DG, Van Straaten MG, Drubach DI, Veith DD, Thoreson AR, Lopez C, Gerasimenko YP, Edgerton VR, Lee KH, Zhao KD. Neuromodulation of lumbosacral spinal networks enables independent stepping after complete paraplegia. Nat Med. 2018 Nov;24(11):1677-1682. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0175-7. Epub 2018 Sep 24. |
| 30247091 | Result | Angeli CA, Boakye M, Morton RA, Vogt J, Benton K, Chen Y, Ferreira CK, Harkema SJ. Recovery of Over-Ground Walking after Chronic Motor Complete Spinal Cord Injury. N Engl J Med. 2018 Sep 27;379(13):1244-1250. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1803588. Epub 2018 Sep 24. |
| 30382197 | Result | Wagner FB, Mignardot JB, Le Goff-Mignardot CG, Demesmaeker R, Komi S, Capogrosso M, Rowald A, Seanez I, Caban M, Pirondini E, Vat M, McCracken LA, Heimgartner R, Fodor I, Watrin A, Seguin P, Paoles E, Van Den Keybus K, Eberle G, Schurch B, Pralong E, Becce F, Prior J, Buse N, Buschman R, Neufeld E, Kuster N, Carda S, von Zitzewitz J, Delattre V, Denison T, Lambert H, Minassian K, Bloch J, Courtine G. Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury. Nature. 2018 Nov;563(7729):65-71. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0649-2. Epub 2018 Oct 31. |
| 40436013 | Derived | Albano L, Emedoli D, Agnesi F, Romeni S, Losanno E, Toni L, Fossati V, Ciucci C, Gasperotti F, Cociani L, Zucco G, Pompeo E, Mura C, Carpaneto J, Tettamanti A, Castelnovo V, Padul JD, Mandelli C, Barzaghi LR, Alemanno F, Caravati H, Butera C, Del Carro U, Castellano A, Falini A, Agosta F, Filippi M, Iannaccone S, Mortini P, Micera S. Epidural electrical stimulation facilitates motor recovery in spinal cord injury involving the conus medullaris: A case study. Med. 2025 Oct 10;6(10):100706. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2025.100706. Epub 2025 May 27. |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |