The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetics, and biological properties of recombinant human IL-21-expressing oncolytic vaccinia virus injection (hV01) in patients with advanced solid tumors.

This is a multi-site, single-arm, open-label, dose-escalation study. It consists of two phases: Part A involves a single-dose escalation, and Part B evaluates the safety and tolerability of multiple doses of hV01.

Part A: Dose escalation with four dose levels from 1.0×10^7 PFU to 8.0×10^8 PFU. The standard 3+3 dose escalation design will be used to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) or maximum administered dose (MAD). The participants will be observed for dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) for 28 days after the single dose of the first cycle.

Part B: After completion of Part A, the sub-MTD/MAD will be chosen for Part B, which will evaluate the safety and tolerability of hV01 administration at two different frequencies: twice per cycle (on days 1 and 8) and three times per cycle (on days 1, 8, and 15). The standard 3+3 design will also be used for this phase. The first cohort, receiving two doses per cycle, will be observed for DLTs for 35 days after the first dose, while the second cohort, receiving three doses per cycle, will be observed for DLTs for 42 days after the first dose.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Signing an informed consent form.

• Men or women aged 18 to 75 years.

• Histologically and/or cytologically confirmed advanced malignant solid tumors refractory or failed to respond to standard therapy (including disease progression and/or intolerable toxicities).

• At least one measurable lesion according to RECIST v1.1 criteria, which can be injected intratumorally either directly or with the assistance of medical imaging equipment such as B-ultrasound or CT. The baseline longest diameter (shortest diameter for lymph node lesions) of the lesion targeted for injection should be more than 1.5 cm, and the lesion also meets the requirements of the relevant dosing volume.

• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 to 1.

• Life expectancy of at least 3 months.

• Required baseline laboratory data include:

  1. Hematology: absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5×10^9/L, platelet (PLT) count ≥ 75×10^9/L, hemoglobin (Hb) ≥90 g/L (without supportive therapy within 14 days prior to laboratory test);
  2. Liver function: serum total bilirubin (TBIL) ≤1.5×ULN (or ≤3×ULN for patients with Gilbert's syndrome or liver metastasis); aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤3×ULN (or<5×ULN for patients with primary liver cancer or liver metastasis);
  3. Renal function: serum creatinine (Cr) ≤1.5×ULN, and creatinine clearance (Cockcroft-Gault method) ≥45 mL/min. For men: creatinine clearance = [[140-age(yr)]×weight (kg)]/[0.818×creatinine (μmol/L)]; For women: creatinine clearance = [[140-age(yr)]×weight (kg)×0.85]/[0.818×creatinine (μmol/L)];
  4. Coagulation test: activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) ≤1.5×ULN; international normalized ratio (INR) ≤1.5×ULN.

• Female patients of childbearing age must have a negative serum pregnancy test. Female patients of childbearing age and male patients whose partners are of childbearing age must agree to use medically approved contraceptive measures (hormonal or barrier methods or abstinence) throughout the treatment period and also within 3 months after the last dose of the investigational drug. Male patients must also avoid sperm donation.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Receiving any of the following anti-tumor treatments within a specified time period:

  1. Systemic anti-tumor treatment, including chemotherapy, large-molecule targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and endocrine therapy within 4 weeks before first dose (within 6 weeks of dosing for nitrosourea or mitomycin C);
  2. Small-molecule targeted therapy within 2 weeks before first dose or within 5 half-lives of the small-molecule targeted drug (whichever is longer);
  3. Traditional Chinese medicine or Chinese herbal medicine used as anti-tumor agent within 2 weeks before first dose;
  4. Radiotherapy (excluding palliative radiotherapy) within 2 weeks before first dose;
  5. Prior oncolytic virus treatment.

• Acute toxic effects from prior treatments not resolved to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, v5.0) grade 1 or below, except for toxicities deemed safe by the investigator, such as alopecia.

• Patients with clinical symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis or meningeal metastasis, or other evidence indicating that CNS or meningeal metastases are not controlled.

• Known or suspected active autoimmune diseases (including but not limited to systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis).

• Previous allogeneic stem cell or organ transplantation.

• History of severe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, including:

  1. Acute coronary syndrome (including myocardial infarction, severe or unstable angina), myocarditis, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accidents, or other cardiovascular events of CTCAE (v5.0) grade 3 or higher within 12 months of dosing;
  2. Severe arrhythmia requiring clinical intervention (such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or torsades de pointes), corrected QT interval (QTc) >450 ms for males or >470 ms for females, or a family history of long QT syndrome;
  3. New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of class II or above, or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50%;
  4. Uncontrolled hypertension (as judged by the investigator) or hypotension despite standard treatment.

• Any uncontrolled active infection requiring systemic anti-infective therapy (graded 2 or higher according to CTCAE v5.0), including but not limited to active tuberculosis, sepsis, bacteremia, fungemia, and viremia.

• Any of the following infections: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis spirochete(TP), active hepatitis C (positive HCV RNA test) or active hepatitis B (positive HBsAg and HBV DNA ≥ 2000 IU/mL or ≥10^4 copies/mL).

• Use of immunomodulatory drugs within 2 weeks of dosing, including but not limited to thymosin, interleukin, interferon.

• Pregnant or lactating women.