The purposes of this study are to 1) investigate potential speech, language, and psychosocial contributions to the experience of stuttering in monolingual and multilingual speakers, and to 2) evaluate interdisciplinary, telehealth, and speech-language pathology treatment methods and clinical training specific to fluency disorders.

Stuttering is a neurophysiological communication disorder characterized by a disruption in the forward flow of speech. Stuttering is multifactorial in nature, meaning there are several factors that likely to contribute to the development of stuttering in children and persistence of stuttering into adulthood. About 1% of the worldwide population stutters. In the United States, over 3 million people stutter. Research suggests people who stutter present with negative cognitive and affective components of the disorder, and that the general population holds negative perceptions of stuttering. Historically, people who stutter spend thousands of dollars on treatment that is not effective in mitigating the negative impact of stuttering on their overall communication and quality of life.

Speech-language pathologists evaluate and treat persons who stutter across the lifespan. Research suggests speech-language pathologists report fluency disorders (stuttering and cluttering) as the communication disorders with which they feel least competent and comfortable.

Thus, the purposes of this study are to 1) investigate potential speech, language, psychosocial, and motor contributions to stuttered speech production in monolingual and multilingual speakers and to 2) evaluate interdisciplinary, telehealth, and speech-language pathology treatment methods and clinical training tools specific to fluency disorders.

Inclusion Criteria:

A participant will be considered a child who stutters (ages 2-17 years) if

• their parent/caregiver reports concern that their child is a person who stutters,
• they exhibit three of more stuttering-like disfluencies (e.g., sound/syllable repetitions, (in)audible sound prolongations, whole-word repetitions) per 300-word speech sample, or
• they present with an overall score of 11 or higher on the Stuttering Severity Instrument - 4th Edition (SSI-4).

A participant will be considered an adult who stutters (18+ years) if

• they report they are a person who stutters,
• they have received a formal diagnosis of stuttering from a certified speech-language pathologist,
• they exhibit three of more stuttering-like disfluencies (e.g., sound/syllable repetitions, (in)audible sound prolongations, whole-word repetitions) per 300-word speech sample, or
• they present with an overall score of 11 or higher on the Stuttering Severity Instrument - 4th Edition (SSI-4).

Exclusion Criteria:

• There are no exclusion criteria for persons who stutter.