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The anticholinergic burden was calculated based on the medications that the patients had used for more than 10 days. Short-term medications used by patients were not evaluated. Among all the medications used by the patients, those with anticholinergic effects were scored according to the scale, and the total anticholinergic burden was calculated by adding them up. Those who had no anticholinergic score were considered to have no anticholinergic burden.
The study cohort will be stratified into two cohorts, distinguished by the presence or absence of anticholinergic burden. To evaluate the impact of anticholinergic burden on daily living activities and instrumental ADL, the groups will be compared with respect to hand grip strength and walking speed.In this study, the anticholinergic burden will be calculated based on medications used by the patients for more than 10 days, excluding short-term medications. Each medication with anticholinergic effects will be assigned a score according to a scale, and the total anticholinergic burden will be determined by summing up the scores. Patients without any anticholinergic score will be classified as having no anticholinergic burden.
The study cohort will be divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of anticholinergic burden. To assess the impact of anticholinergic burden on daily living activities (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs, the groups will be compared in terms of hand grip strength and walking speed.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| no anticholinergic burden | Patients with a score of 0 were considered to have not used anticholinergic medications. Short-term use of medications, daily dosages of medications, and topical, ophthalmic, otologic, or inhalation medications were excluded from scoring. | ||
| anticholinergic burden | Patients with a score of 1 or higher were considered to have used anticholinergic medication. Short-term use of medications, daily dosages of medications, and topical, ophthalmic, otologic, or inhalation medications were excluded from scoring. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living (ADL) | ADL was evaluated on a scale of 100 points according to the patients' ability to feed themselves, bathe, perform personal hygiene, dress and undress, control bowel and bladder, use the toilet independently, use a wheelchair, mobility status, and ability to climb stairs. | 24 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| The Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) | IADL consisted of eight sections, including the ability to use a telephone, shop, prepare meals, clean the house, do laundry, take medication, travel, and manage finances, and was evaluated on a scale of 17 points. Low scores were considered an indicator of dependence. | 24 hours |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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A prospective case-control study was designed, and 180 patients over 65 years of age who applied to the geriatrics outpatient clinic without a diagnosis of dementia and with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score >24 were included.
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hasan Oztin, MD | Contact | +905053355623 | dr.hasanoztin@gmail.com |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Hasan Oztin, MD | Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education And Research Hospital, | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21707557 | Background | Fox C, Richardson K, Maidment ID, Savva GM, Matthews FE, Smithard D, Coulton S, Katona C, Boustani MA, Brayne C. Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: the medical research council cognitive function and ageing study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Aug;59(8):1477-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03491.x. Epub 2011 Jun 24. | |
| 15676035 |
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| Walking speed | For walking speed, the time to walk a 4.5-meter distance was measured. | 2 minute |
| Hand grip strength | Hand grip strength of the dominant hand was measured twice with a Jamar dynamometer while sitting with the elbow flexed at 90 degrees, and the highest value was recorded | 1 minute |
| Lechevallier-Michel N, Molimard M, Dartigues JF, Fabrigoule C, Fourrier-Reglat A. Drugs with anticholinergic properties and cognitive performance in the elderly: results from the PAQUID Study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;59(2):143-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02232.x. |
| 22178471 | Result | Prasad S, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. Age-associated chronic diseases require age-old medicine: role of chronic inflammation. Prev Med. 2012 May;54 Suppl(Suppl):S29-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.11.011. Epub 2011 Dec 9. |
| 24278735 | Result | Jansen PA, Brouwers JR. Clinical pharmacology in old persons. Scientifica (Cairo). 2012;2012:723678. doi: 10.6064/2012/723678. Epub 2012 Jul 28. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064807 | Anticholinergic Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064420 | Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions |
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
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