The aims of the research are to develop an age-appropriate and culturally sensitive older person-centered, Singapore-contextualized Dance-based Exergame (SinDance), and to pilot test its effectiveness in improving physical function and activity daily living (ADL) and reducing depressive symptoms and falls among community-dwelling older people. It is hypothesized that participants in the SinDance will have: (1) improved postural balance, muscle strength, and ADL; and (2) reduced depressive symptoms, fear of falling, and number of falls, compared to those in the control group.

The research will be structured as a two-phase study.

1. In Phase one, development of the SinDance system will be undertaken.

2. In Phase two, a pilot randomized control trial will be conducted to evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the newly developed SinDance exergame on the proposed outcomes.

   • Eligible participants will be recruited from Lions Befrienders (LB) senior activity centre and randomly assigned to the SinDance group or the control group.
   • Participants in the intervention group will receive one face-to-face briefing session and will be required to participate in the newly developed SinDance exergame 3 times a week for 6 weeks, while those in the control group will attend usual activities provided by the centers.
   • Outcomes will be measured at baseline, immediate after intervention, and 3 months from baseline.

SinDance will be structured as a two-phase study involving a multi-disciplinary team of software engineers, occupational therapist (OT), and research nurse (RN).

Phase 1: Development of the SinDance system will be undertaken by software engineers in collaboration with an OT and RN.

• The SinDance intervention is a 6-week program consisting of one face-to-face briefing session provided by the Research Nurse (RN)/Research Assistant (RA) and SinDance exergaming. The dance movements will be choreographed for older adults based on local context and culture. The game design of SinDance will be developed on cross-platform game engine called Unity. Body movements will be captured via an external RGB camera. Using an open pose algorithm, the system will be able to track correct body movements based on image processing and body posture recognition, as well as provide active feedback on performance. This allows for real-time movement adjustments by the user to achieve higher compliance rating. Points will be awarded for each correct movement accomplished.
• The SinDance intervention is designed as a leisure game to supplement the daily physical activities of older adults. There will NOT be strenuous or intense physical activities or any vigorous high-velocity movements in this intervention.

Considering that SinDance is a self-regulated exercise, to ensure safety during self-regulated exercise, dance choreography will be designed with varying levels of movement difficulty, speed and rhythm tempo to cater to the different needs of individual participants. The SinDance game interface will be designed with minimal action buttons to enhance usability and user- experience for older people to operate.

Phase 2: Pilot test to assess the effectiveness of SinDance exergame Study Design - A pilot two-arm randomized control trial with repeated measures will be conducted in Phase 2. Eligible participants will be recruited from Lions Befrienders (LB) senior activity centre. They will be randomly allocated to either intervention group or control group using block randomisation technique. The data will be collected at baseline, immediately after the intervention (i.e., 6 weeks from baseline) and 3 months from baseline.

Study Intervention

• The exergame will run on a laptop, the display of game will be either on an external monitor or project to screen via a projector. To play the game, participants will dance to the dance moves shown on the screen and as they get each move right, they will be awarded points (please see attached picture for the proposed interface design and system setup). The RGB webcams will be used to capture body movements and provide immediate/spontaneous feedback on the correctness of the movements. It will be affixed to the laptop. The participants' faces will not be captured.
• There will be no device for the participants to take home. The participants will only play the game in LB SACs (not in their homes).
• For this study, the participant will play the game individually, and under the observation of a RA/RN to ensure safety. No group play will be conducted in the pilot study. Before playing, they will be briefed on how to play in a language they understand.

SinDance Group.

• One face-to-face briefing session will be offered to participants in the SinDance group. The session will be conducted by the RN/RA. As part of promoting physical activity and safe exercise for older adults, the RN/RA will provide general guidance to older people on the benefits of physical activity (e.g.the recommended duration for physical activity, which will yield health benefits, and therefore, participants will play the exergame for 3 times a week and each session about 30 mins) and how to exercise safely (e.g. don't exercise if you feel unwell or very tired, wear appropriate footwear, warm up before exercise and cool down and stretch after exercise, etc.). This education will be provided to intervention group only. He/She will also teach the participants on how to navigate the SinDance exergame system, and how to choose between different levels of dance and play modes. It is estimated that the session will last for 20 minutes.
• To achieve adequate exercise volume, participants will be asked to engage in the newly developed SinDance 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Each session will last for about 30-40 mins, including 5 mins warm up exercise before the game and 5 mins cool down exercise afterwards. Therefore, if the participant does not stop halfway through or end the game early, the actual playing time for each participant will be about 20-30 minutes.
• To play the game, participants will dance to the dance moves shown on the screen (on the external monitor or the projected screen) and as they get each move right, they will be awarded points. The more accurate their moves are, the more points they get in the game.
• During the gameplay, the participants will be instructed to stop and rest if they are tired, and to dance on their own without the physical assistance from others during their play. A RN/RA will be on site to observe the safety of exergaming and to help resolve technical issues as they arise.

Control Group.

- Participants in the control group will attend usual activities offered by the senior activity centres. The control group will be offered an opportunity to play the SinDance exergame after completing the last data collection (i.e. 3-months from baseline).

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 60 and above
2. Living in the community
3. Independent without use of walking aids
4. able to read and understand English or Chinese
5. TUG < 30s
6. Mini-Cog test score of 3 and above

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Are suffering from mental disorders or cognitive impairment that will prevent individuals from understanding the study and performing the exergame correctly and safely (e.g. Alzheimer's disease)

   - Mini-Cog less than 3

2. have a pre-existing medical condition that prohibits exercise, or prevents the individual from performing the exergame correctly and safely, including but not limited to:

   • chest pain or chest tightness during physical activities (e.g. walking, climbing stairs, doing household chores or similar activities
   • heart failure
   • currently experience dizziness or light-headedness, uncontrolled/unstable high blood pressure

3. have physical limitations, for examples:

   • wheelchair bound
   • pain, stiffness or swelling that will prevent the individual from doing what he/she wants or need to do
   • feel unsteady, use an assistive device while standing or walking
   • TUG equal or more than 30 seconds

4. have visual or hearing impairments.

Anonymised study results and data will be available to researchers who request it as part of an IPD study or meta-analysis that has been prospectively registered and a protocol by a representative researcher is provided to verify the legitimacy of the request.

Data will be available following publication of the study's results in a peer-reviewed journal

Anonymised study results and data will be available to researchers who request it as part of an IPD study or meta-analysis that has been prospectively registered and a protocol by a representative researcher is provided to verify the legitimacy of the request.