This study aims to understand how well app-based consent performs compared to paper-based consent when recruiting families for a clinical research project. The investigators aim to demonstrate that app-based consent is as effective as traditional methods; this will be measured by questionnaires assessing the family's comprehension and preference.

Purpose and justification:

Wider access to digital technologies, familiarity with apps, and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased the demand for virtual care, prompting the need for electronic documentation of consent for research as families no longer attend in-person clinics. The investigators previously developed an app to consent patients for donating research study data in addition to traditional paper-based consent. This study aims to understand how well app-based consent performs compared to paper-based consent when recruiting families for a clinical research project.

The investigators aim to demonstrate that app-based consent is as effective as traditional methods measured by questionnaires assessing the family's comprehension and preference. If successful, this study will provide evidence for using app-based consent to enable future researchers to use similar approaches or help us further improve our app. Supporting a diverse array of consenting methods that are equivalent in promoting comprehension and participant preferences can improve research recruitment rates and increase research participant satisfaction.

Hypotheses: App-augmented consent is not inferior to traditional paper-based consent in ensuring comprehension.

Research Design:

This project will be integrated into an anesthesia study (evaluating bubble blowing as a method of distraction during IV insertions in young children, known as the BubblesRCT) by adding app-based consent and its evaluation into the regular consent flow so that families experience either app-based or traditional paper-based consent. The questions used are drawn from an established consent comprehension questionnaire and were modified to suit the requirements of our anesthesia study. Participants will also be asked a series of questions to measure characteristics like participant trust and the ease of the consenting process.

This consent modality trial will have a separate allocation schedule. Any family, who may participate in BubblesRCT, and who can be approached for consent will be allocated either to this trial's intervention (Consent modality app) or control (Consent modality paper), whereby the allocation will be switched after four participants; this is for operational feasibility purposes as randomization before approaching the parent would delay recruitment. As blinding is impossible, there will be no attempt to conceal consent modality allocation from the clinical or study teams.

Data collection:

1. The research assistant (RA) will thoroughly explain the BubblesRCT study, answer any preliminary questions, and leave the family with either a detailed paper consent form to review (Consent modality control group) or an iPad containing the consent app for review (Consent modality intervention group).
2. The family will get 15 minutes to review the consent information privately.
3. After the family have read the paper or the app-based consent form, an RA will answer any questions about the study that the family might have and invite them to consent to the BubblesRCT study. The parents will provide consent to the study either on paper or within the app (using the REDCap Electronic Informed Consent [eConsent] framework).
4. All participants who have been approached, whether the family agree to participate in the Bubbles RCT or not, will be asked to complete a comprehension questionnaire with multiple-choice questions based on a modified form of the Deaconess Informed Consent Comprehension Test (DICCT) and with a selected a set of comprehension questions with known correct answer(s) that can be used to determine accuracy.

Statistical Analysis:

The block-randomized controlled trial for non-inferiority of consent modality will tabulate results and use Wilcoxon rank sum tests for the composite comprehension correctness score. Groups will also be compared element-wise for the Likert scales using Wilcoxon rank sum tests; results may also be interpreted qualitatively.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Children between the ages of 2 to 5 years who need an IV insertion in the medical imaging department.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Children who are nonverbal;
• Children with existing vascular access
• Families who choose not to have topical anesthetic placed on their child's hands
• Children receiving anxiolytic premedication
• Children planned to undergo mask induction of anesthesia before IV placement.

Results will be presented at scientific conferences and published in peer-reviewed anesthesia journals. Once data collection is complete, a de-identified version of the data may be made available to other researchers. This is stated explicitly in the consent form, and participants are notified during the consent process that their de-identified data may be released to others for research purposes.

Once data collection is complete, de-identified data will be deposited in the University of British Columbia (UBC)'s Dataverse Repository. The study teams will keep research data for five years post-publication, as outlined in the UBC study data retention guidelines, after which it will be destroyed.

Details have yet to be determined.

As blinding is impossible, we will not conceal allocation from any members of the clinical or study teams.