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In the case of spinal cord injury, patients have shown a passive attitude towards participating in leisure sports or exercise programs, and there is a lack of suitable guidelines or experience in the local community for coaching exercise and sports for spinal cord injury patients, which makes coaches feel burdened when coaching these patients. Therefore, in this study, a suitable comprehensive exercise program will be designed and prescribed for patients who reside in the local community and want to participate in leisure sports, and the effectiveness and safety of the program will be verified. Based on the results, the aim of the study is to provide evidence that spinal cord injury patients can exercise safely and confidently in the local community in the future.
Spinal cord injury is classified into complete paralysis and incomplete paralysis depending on the degree of spinal cord damage. In the case of complete paralysis, functional recovery is almost impossible, but in the case of incomplete paralysis, the level of functional recovery is determined through active rehabilitation exercises. In the past, most spinal cord injuries were traumatic, but due to the decrease in accidents, traumatic spinal cord injuries have decreased, and the incidence of non-traumatic spinal cord injuries (spinal cord disorders) has increased significantly due to aging. Most people with spinal cord injuries have difficulty performing appropriate rehabilitation exercises in the local community due to mobility impairments and limitations in daily activities. Spinal cord injury patients who participate in existing disabled sports are limited to some (relatively young) patients who have received epilepsy diagnosis. Individualized rehabilitation exercises based on each patient's personalized protocol are necessary, and sufficient functional recovery can be achieved through this approach. It is predicted that rehabilitation exercises through a protocol will improve cardiac and respiratory function and quality of life. Rehabilitation exercises for spinal cord injury patients should be applied based on accurate evaluation of function, and assessment of exercise-related risk factors should also be conducted. Customized exercise programs based on individual exercise function evaluations should be applied, but currently there is a lack of rehabilitation exercise programs that consider this. Additionally, risk factor evaluations related to exercise are not being conducted. Therefore, the development and application of patient-tailored community-based rehabilitation exercise programs for spinal cord injury patients that include risk factor evaluations and functional assessments are necessary.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Experimental | A 20-session structured rehabilitation exercise program in those with spinal cord injuries |
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| Control group | No Intervention | No exercise intervention in those with spinal cord injuries |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Structured rehabilitation exercise program | Behavioral | Stretching (10 mins): neck, shoulder, wrist, back; Aerobic exercise (20 mins): cycle ergometer, wheelchair run; Strengthening exercise (15 mins): shoulder press, chest press, front raise, biceps curl, lateral raise, bent over rowing or rowing, bent over lateral raise, triceps extension; Balance training (5 mins); Stretching exercise (10 mins) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level | Self-report survey that measures quality of life across 5 domains: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Converting the patient's response results using quality weights has a value between 0.000 and 1.000. A higher score means a higher quality of life. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| 6 minute walk distance | Sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. Longer distances indicate better athletic ability. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Spinal cord independence measure III | Tool to evaluate independence of spinal cord injury patients. The total score ranges from 0 to 100, and the higher the score, the more independent the patient is. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Berg balance scale |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Sung-Hwa Ko, PhD | Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital | Yangsan | Gyeongsangnam-do | 50612 | South Korea |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39577713 | Derived | Huh S, Kim Y, Ko HY, Yun MS, Shin YI, Lee JL, Ko SH. Effectiveness of a Community-Based Exercise Program for Ambulatory Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2025 Apr;106(4):481-490. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2024.11.003. Epub 2024 Nov 21. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013119 | Spinal Cord Injuries |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013118 | Spinal Cord Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D020196 | Trauma, Nervous System |
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Testing tool with high validity and reliability used to measure balance. Each item is scored 0-4 points, with a total score of 0-56 points. A higher score means better balance ability. |
| Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Timed up and go test | Reliable and valid test for quantifying functional mobility. The time it takes for a patient to get up from a chair, walk 3 meters, and come back to sit down is measured. The shorter the time, the better the mobility. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Grip strength | Force applied by the hand to pull on or suspend from objects. It is widely used to assess sarcopenia and as a surrogate indicator of muscle strength. Measured in kg, the higher the value, the stronger the grip is considered. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| 30 second sit to stand test | Testing leg strength and endurance. It measures the number of times a person can stand up from a chair and sit down again in 30 seconds, and the higher the number, the better function and strength. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Sit and reach test | Test to measure hamstring and low back flexibility. It is expressed in centimeters (cm), and if the fingertips touch in front of the toes, it is recorded as a positive number (+), and if the fingertips touch behind the toes, it is recorded as a negative number (-). | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Beck anxiety inventory | Anxiety measuring tool. Each item is scored 0-3 points, with a total score of 0-63 points. A score of 0-7 indicates minimal anxiety, a score of 8-15 indicates mild anxiety, a score of 16-25 indicates moderate anxiety, and a score of 26-63 indicates severe anxiety. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Beck depression inventory | Depression measuring tool. Each item is scored 0-3 points, with a total score of 0-63 points. A score of 0-13 indicates minimal depression, a score of 14-19 indicates mild depression, a score of 20-28 indicates moderate depression, and a score of 29-63 indicates severe depression. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Fat-free mass from bioelectrical impedance analysis | A method used to measure the components of the body. It is the total amount (kg) of body components excluding body fat, and the higher it is, the better the body composition is interpreted. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Fat-free mass index from bioelectrical impedance analysis | A method used to measure components of the body. This is an indicator that standardizes fat-free mass according to body size. The higher it is, the more muscle mass and the better health. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation after average 2 months of exercise program |
| Percent body fat from bioelectrical impedance analysis | A method used to measure the components of the body. The normal range varies depending on age and gender. The lower the score within the general normal range, the better the health. The higher it is, the higher the risk of obesity-related diseases. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| skeletal muscle mass from bioelectrical impedance analysis | A method used to measure the components of the body. Normal range varies depending on age and gender. The higher it is within the general normal range, the better the health. The lower it is, the higher the risk of lack of strength and sarcopenia. | Baseline evaluation and follow-up evaluation immediately after average 2 months of exercise program |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |