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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| ni20 | UNKNOWN |
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This clinical trial uses transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) using the patented tKIWI system to safely reduce self-reported chronic pain with little to no side effects to improve our understanding and ability to accurately diagnose pain disorders which would facilitate the development of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment modalities using deep learning architecture built into the tKIWI.
Pain is a severe and growing problem in the United States with more than 116 million Americans suffering from chronic pain and more than $635 billion is spent annually on pain and its related healthcare costs. Additionally, opioid addiction has become a national crisis with nearly 50,000 deaths every year as a result of opioid-involved overdoses and nearly $78.5 billion spent annually on opioid misuse and addiction. Currently available treatments for pain, namely opioid analgesics, have limited effectiveness and can lead to a significant number of side effects and complications including dependence, pharmacodynamic tolerance, sedation, gastrointestinal issues, respiratory depression, immunosuppression, and hormonal changes. Effectively treating pain requires an accurate assessment of pain, however current methods of diagnosing and evaluating pain depend on subjective self-reporting including the use of visual and numerical pain scales. The subjective nature of describing pain makes it virtually impossible to quantify and therefore difficult to treat and monitor. To overcome this subjectivity, through a non-invasive neuromodulation technique called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and deep learning, pain can be measured objectively using electroencephalograph (EEG) to assess and personalize treatment. The overarching goal of this project is to apply transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as an alternative to opioids for the reduction in chronic pain. The investigator's long-term goal is to use these data to analyze EEG signals and generate personalized tDCS treatment in real time.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Experimental | For visits 1-5 (tDCS treatment visits), the investigators will start with 0.5mA ramping up to 0.75mA for 5 minutes. Followed by a brief (8 sec) EEG recording. Then, the investigators will apply .75mA to 1mA for 5 minutes. This will also be followed by 8 second EEG recording. The final application of current will be 1mA to 1.75mA for 10 minutes followed again by 8 second EEG recording. |
|
| Sham | Sham Comparator | For visits 1-5 (tDCS treatment visits),The sham group will receive 1 minute from 0.0mA to no more than 0.5mA at the initiation of the treatment after which the current will be turned off. They will still proceed with the full 20 minutes as does the treatment group but no current will be further applied as indicated in the treatment group. They will still receive EEG readings at the indicated 8 seconds after "current" is applied but will not receive the current. This is to maintain a blind trial. 0.5mA is negligible current but mimics treatment with an initial small tingle. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) | Device | TDCS is a non-invasive brain stimulation that uses electrical currents to stimulate specific areas of the brain. A constant, low-intensity current passes through two to four electrodes, which can be placed on various locations on the head, to modulate neuronal activity. tDCS can administer anodal and cathodal stimulation to excite (depolarization) or inhibit (hyperpolarization) neuronal activity, respectively. Using low-amplitude direct currents applied via scalp electrodes to alter cortical excitability is not a novel concept. This non-pharmacological approach has held promise for decades as a way to treat a plethora of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Although tDCS is not currently FDA-approved it is considered a non-significant-risk therapy with no record of serious adverse effects. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Determine the impact of tDCS on pain in chronic pain participants using pain perception scale | The investigators will compare the baseline pain perception scale results of subjects in treatment and placebo arms to pain perception scales results on the final day of the treatment and again one week later, enabling investigators to determine any short-term change or durable change to pain. The scale is the Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale "Based on the visual representations and descriptions below, please rate your chronic pain on a scale from 1 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain)." The measurement is done using the ranking of 1 to 10 in pain, adding up to the total of the response and the larger numbers indicate higher pain levels with no units. | 14 months |
| Determine the impact of tDCS on the self-reported reduction in opioid use, or the desire for opioid use. | The investigators will compare baseline opioid use and desire to use opioids to final visit in both treatment and sham arms. The measurement will be a comparison in the self-reported survey "Medication for Pain Management Survey". This survey has questions such as, "My need for using opioid pain medication is less than before I participated in this study", and "My desire to use opioid pain medication is less than before I participated in this study". These are answered using "yes, no, or unknown". | 14 months |
| Compare the safety of the tDCS system (tKIWI) versus placebo (sham) utilizing blood pressure | The investigators will achieve this aim by monitoring subjects' vitals during the entire session of each visit. The measurement is blood pressure (mmHg). | 14 months |
| Compare the safety of the tDCS system (tKIWI) versus placebo (sham) utilizing heart rate | The investigators will achieve this aim by monitoring subjects' vitals during the entire session of each visit. The measurement is heart rate (bpm). | 14 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Compare changes in brain waves during tDCS treatment sessions in the treatment (tDCS) and placebo (sham) arms. | This aim will be achieved by capturing EEG readings of the entire brain for subjects in each treatment arm at baseline, during the treatment phase, and at final study visit 1 week post treatment. The EEG showcases brain wave activity in microvolts (mV). | 14 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allison J Huff, DHEd | Contact | (520) 626-4839 | allison7@arizona.edu | |
| Leena Idris, BS | Contact | (520) 2474415 | idris1@arizona.edu |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Allison J Huff, DHEd | University of Arizona | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Arizona | Recruiting | Tucson | Arizona | 85719 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22553896 | Result | Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK91497/ | |
| Result | National Institute on Drug Abuse. Overdose Death Rates. 29 Jan 2021 [cited 12 May 2021]. Available: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates | ||
| 27623005 |
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Study results will not be shared with participants. They will be shared via publication in peer-reviewed journals. The data-sharing agreement with our industry partner will use deidentified data from tKIWi to strengthen the algorithm and patented machine learning. The data will be stored on an encrypted SD card and shared with our industry partner via upload to HIPAA Compliant Google Workspace.
The data will be available during month 16 of the clinical study. This will occur after the analysis of the data is performed, and the study is completed. There is no expiration on how long this information will be available.
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Nov 4, 2021 | Mar 8, 2023 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Mar 3, 2023 | Mar 8, 2023 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D065908 | Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004599 | Electric Stimulation Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D003295 | Convulsive Therapy |
| D013000 | Psychiatric Somatic Therapies |
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The proposed study employs a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled design to evaluate the effects of the tDCS using the tKIWI device on chronic pain. The participant will be randomly assigned to the treatment (tx) or sham/placebo group.
Up to 40 participants will be recruited and randomly placed in either the treatment or the sham group. The randomization ratio is 1:1. Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition and each participant will be assigned to a condition independently of the other participants. The sample is small (20 each group), so in order to ensure random assignment, we will assign a unique number to every participant of the study's sample. Then, we will use a lottery method to randomly assign each number to the control or experimental group.
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Participants will be assigned a random unique number which will be randomly correlated with either treatment group or sham group. The participant will not have access to see in the redcap system which arm they are in. The sham group will receive 1 minute from 0.0mA to no more than 0.5mA at the initiation of the treatment after which the current will be turned off. This is to maintain a blind trial. 0.5mA is negligible current but mimics treatment with an initial small tingle. The investigator who is not involved in assigning groups will receive data with de-identification.
|
|
| Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) sham | Device | TDCS is a non-invasive brain stimulation that uses electrical currents to stimulate specific areas of the brain. A constant, low-intensity current passes through two to four electrodes, which can be placed on various locations on the head, to modulate neuronal activity. tDCS can administer anodal and cathodal stimulation to excite (depolarization) or inhibit (hyperpolarization) neuronal activity, respectively. Using low-amplitude direct currents applied via scalp electrodes to alter cortical excitability is not a novel concept. This non-pharmacological approach has held promise for decades as a way to treat a plethora of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The sham group will receive 1 minute from 0.0mA to no more than 0.5mA at the initiation of the treatment after which the current will be turned off. This is to maintain a blind trial. 0.5mA is negligible current, but mimics treatment with an initial small tingle. |
|
| Compare the safety of the tDCS system (tKIWI) versus placebo (sham) utilizing heart rate | The investigators will achieve this aim by monitoring subjects' vitals during the entire session of each visit. The measurement is temperature (degrees C). | 14 months |
| Compare the tolerability of the tDCS system (tKIWI) versus placebo (sham) | We will achieve this aim by evaluating the results of a questionnaire after each treatment session and after the final study visit, enabling us to capture reported discomfort. The questions state "Please report any side-effects as well as the intensity and persistence of reported side-effects you may have experienced during the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).", and evaluate if there is itching, tingling, burning, redness, and headaches. If there is a symptom then the participant will note the intensity as "very, a little, or barely" | 14 months |
| Result |
| Florence CS, Zhou C, Luo F, Xu L. The Economic Burden of Prescription Opioid Overdose, Abuse, and Dependence in the United States, 2013. Med Care. 2016 Oct;54(10):901-6. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000625. |
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| 19348793 | Result | Nitsche MA, Boggio PS, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A. Treatment of depression with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a review. Exp Neurol. 2009 Sep;219(1):14-9. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.038. Epub 2009 Apr 5. |
| 32279145 | Result | Suen PJC, Doll S, Batistuzzo MC, Busatto G, Razza LB, Padberg F, Mezger E, Bulubas L, Keeser D, Deng ZD, Brunoni AR. Association between tDCS computational modeling and clinical outcomes in depression: data from the ELECT-TDCS trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021 Feb;271(1):101-110. doi: 10.1007/s00406-020-01127-w. Epub 2020 Apr 11. |
| Result | d'Urso G, dell'Osso B, Ferrucci R, Bortolomasi M, Bruzzese D, Giacopuzzi M, et al. P 255. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment of major depression: A pooled analysis from the Italian tDCS collaborative group. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2013. p. e185. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.330 |
| 16542193 | Result | Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche MA, Marcolin MA, Rigonatti SP, Pascual-Leone A. Treatment of major depression with transcranial direct current stimulation. Bipolar Disord. 2006 Apr;8(2):203-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00291.x. No abstract available. |
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| 23958182 | Result | Shiozawa P, Leiva AP, Castro CD, da Silva ME, Cordeiro Q, Fregni F, Brunoni AR. Transcranial direct current stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder: a case study. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Jun 1;75(11):e17-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.014. Epub 2013 Aug 16. No abstract available. |
| 26319357 | Result | Biundo R, Weis L, Fiorenzato E, Gentile G, Giglio M, Schifano R, Campo MC, Marcon V, Martinez-Martin P, Bisiacchi P, Antonini A. Double-blind Randomized Trial of tDCS Versus Sham in Parkinson Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment Receiving Cognitive Training. Brain Stimul. 2015 Nov-Dec;8(6):1223-5. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.07.043. Epub 2015 Aug 6. No abstract available. |
| 16817194 | Result | Fregni F, Boggio PS, Santos MC, Lima M, Vieira AL, Rigonatti SP, Silva MT, Barbosa ER, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive cortical stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006 Oct;21(10):1693-702. doi: 10.1002/mds.21012. |
| 31285791 | Result | Zaninotto AL, El-Hagrassy MM, Green JR, Babo M, Paglioni VM, Benute GG, Paiva WS. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects on traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery: A systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol. 2019 Apr-Jun;13(2):172-179. doi: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-020005. |
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| 32730946 | Result | Salehinejad MA, Ghayerin E, Nejati V, Yavari F, Nitsche MA. Domain-specific Involvement of the Right Posterior Parietal Cortex in Attention Network and Attentional Control of ADHD: A Randomized, Cross-over, Sham-controlled tDCS Study. Neuroscience. 2020 Sep 15;444:149-159. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.037. Epub 2020 Jul 28. |
| Result | Siniatchkin M. Anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC improved working memory and reduces symptoms in children with ADHD. Brain Stimulation. 2017. p. 517. doi:10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.509 |
| 20395612 | Result | Baker JM, Rorden C, Fridriksson J. Using transcranial direct-current stimulation to treat stroke patients with aphasia. Stroke. 2010 Jun;41(6):1229-36. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.576785. Epub 2010 Apr 15. |
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| 26469395 | Result | Volz MS, Farmer A, Siegmund B. Reduction of chronic abdominal pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease through transcranial direct current stimulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2016 Feb;157(2):429-437. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000386. |
| 23130002 | Result | DosSantos MF, Love TM, Martikainen IK, Nascimento TD, Fregni F, Cummiford C, Deboer MD, Zubieta JK, Dasilva AF. Immediate effects of tDCS on the mu-opioid system of a chronic pain patient. Front Psychiatry. 2012 Nov 2;3:93. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00093. eCollection 2012. |
| Result | Garcia-Larrea L. tDCS as a procedure for chronic pain relief. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 2016. p. 224. doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2016.06.018 |
| 27092048 | Result | Ayache SS, Palm U, Chalah MA, Al-Ani T, Brignol A, Abdellaoui M, Dimitri D, Sorel M, Creange A, Lefaucheur JP. Prefrontal tDCS Decreases Pain in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurosci. 2016 Apr 8;10:147. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00147. eCollection 2016. |
| Result | Research CM, Case Medical Research. Management of Chronic Pain and PTSD in Gulf War Veterans With tDCS Prolonged Exposure. Case Medical Research. 2020. doi:10.31525/ct1-nct04236284 |
| 33045706 | Result | Fricova J, Rokyta R. Transcranial Neurostimulation (rTMS, tDCS) in the Treatment of Chronic Orofacial Pain. Prog Neurol Surg. 2020;35:125-132. doi: 10.1159/000511134. Epub 2020 Oct 12. |
| 31302440 | Result | Mitra S, Mehta UM, Binukumar B, Venkatasubramanian G, Thirthalli J. Statistical power estimation in non-invasive brain stimulation studies and its clinical implications: An exploratory study of the meta-analyses. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019 Aug;44:29-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.006. Epub 2019 Jul 5. |
| 16564618 | Result | Fregni F, Boggio PS, Lima MC, Ferreira MJ, Wagner T, Rigonatti SP, Castro AW, Souza DR, Riberto M, Freedman SD, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A. A sham-controlled, phase II trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of central pain in traumatic spinal cord injury. Pain. 2006 May;122(1-2):197-209. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.023. Epub 2006 Mar 27. |
| 20633392 | Result | Lefaucheur JP, Antal A, Ahdab R, Ciampi de Andrade D, Fregni F, Khedr EM, Nitsche M, Paulus W. The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to relieve pain. Brain Stimul. 2008 Oct;1(4):337-44. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.07.003. Epub 2008 Oct 7. |
| 28440034 | Result | Khedr EM, Sharkawy ESA, Attia AMA, Ibrahim Osman NM, Sayed ZM. Role of transcranial direct current stimulation on reduction of postsurgical opioid consumption and pain in total knee arthroplasty: Double randomized clinical trial. Eur J Pain. 2017 Sep;21(8):1355-1365. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1034. Epub 2017 Apr 25. |
| 23370085 | Result | Borckardt JJ, Reeves ST, Robinson SM, May JT, Epperson TI, Gunselman RJ, Schutte HD, Demos HA, Madan A, Fredrich S, George MS. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduces postsurgical opioid consumption in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Clin J Pain. 2013 Nov;29(11):925-8. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31827e32be. |
| 25983531 | Result | Fregni F, Nitsche MA, Loo CK, Brunoni AR, Marangolo P, Leite J, Carvalho S, Bolognini N, Caumo W, Paik NJ, Simis M, Ueda K, Ekhitari H, Luu P, Tucker DM, Tyler WJ, Brunelin J, Datta A, Juan CH, Venkatasubramanian G, Boggio PS, Bikson M. Regulatory Considerations for the Clinical and Research Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): review and recommendations from an expert panel. Clin Res Regul Aff. 2015 Mar 1;32(1):22-35. doi: 10.3109/10601333.2015.980944. |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
| D004597 | Electroshock |
| D011580 | Psychological Techniques |