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Pilates training, a type of mind and body exercise that focuses on muscle strength and flexibility, has become increasingly popular in recent years. Research has shown that Pilates could be an effective exercise form to improve body composition, particularly in obese individuals, while beneficial effects on flexibility, muscular strength, and muscular endurance have also been observed in young and older adults. It is well documented that protein supplementation can augment the effects of resistance training on body composition and performance. While there is an abundance of studies investigating the effect of protein supplements on adaptations to resistance exercise, there is a knowledge gap regarding their effectiveness in Pilates training.
The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of protein supplementation, compared to placebo (maltodextrin) on body composition, performance, and biochemical indices in healthy young and middle-aged, eumenorrheic (regular menstrual cycle) women who perform Pilates. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either 0.6 g of whey protein or maltodextrin per kg body weight per day for 10 weeks. Participants will be asked to avoid modifying their dietary habits for the duration of the study to limit the effect of diet on the measured parameters. To check for this, participants will record their diet for 3 days (2 weekdays and one weekend day) on the first, middle, and last weeks of the intervention. Dietary records will then be analyzed. Pilates classes will be performed at least two times per week, while specialized Pilates equipment (Reformer or Cadillac) will be used according to the Pilates principles. The duration of each workout will be set at around 50 min.
Participants will undergo measurements of body composition, core muscle endurance, and joint flexibility at the beginning and end of the study. In addition, hematologic parameters, clinical chemistry parameters, hormones, and plasma amino acids will be measured. All these outcome measures will be compared between the whey protein and maltodextrin groups to determine the effectiveness of protein supplementation in Pilates training.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protein | Experimental | Participants will receive a whey protein supplement. |
|
| Maltodextrin | Placebo Comparator | Participants will receive an isocaloric maltodextrin supplement. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whey protein | Dietary Supplement | Intake of whey protein |
| |
| Maltodextrin |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Lean mass and fat mass pre-supplementation | Lean mass and fat mass of the whole body and its parts (arms, legs, trunk) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Whole body lean, dry lean and fat mass will also be assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Lean mass and fat mass post-supplementation | Lean mass and fat mass of the whole body and its parts (arms, legs, trunk) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Whole body lean, dry lean and fat mass will also be assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Bone mineral density pre-supplementation | Bone mineral density of the whole body and its parts (arms, legs, trunk) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Bone mineral density post-supplementation | Bone mineral density of the whole body and its parts (arms, legs, trunk) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Bone mineral content pre-supplementation | Bone mineral content of the whole body and its parts (arms, legs, trunk) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Bone mineral content post-supplementation | Bone mineral content of the whole body and its parts (arms, legs, trunk) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Full blood count pre-supplementation | Full blood count will be performed by flow cytometry | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Full blood count post-supplementation | Full blood count will be performed by flow cytometry |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance | Thessaloniki | 57001 | Greece |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000067816 | Whey Proteins |
| C008315 | maltodextrin |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008894 | Milk Proteins |
| D000080224 | Animal Proteins, Dietary |
| D004044 | Dietary Proteins |
| D011506 | Proteins |
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| Dietary Supplement |
Intake of maltodextrin |
|
| Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Bone area pre-supplementation | Bone area of the whole body and its parts (arms, legs, trunk) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Bone area post-supplementation | Bone area of the whole body and its parts (arms, legs, trunk) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Body fat % and lean % pre-supplementation | Body fat as a % of total body weight will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Lean as a % of total body weight will be assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Body fat % and lean % post-supplementation | Body fat as a % of total body weight will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Lean as a % of total body weight will be assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Body weight pre-supplementation | Body weight will be measured with an electronic scale to the nearest 0.1 kg | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Body weight post-supplementation | Body weight will be measured with an electronic scale to the nearest 0.1 kg | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Waist and hip circumferences pre-supplementation | Waist and hip circumferences will be measured with a non-extendable tape | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Waist and hip circumferences post-supplementation | Waist and hip circumferences will be measured with a non-extendable tape | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Joint flexibility pre-supplementation | Joint flexibility will be assessed through the sit and reach test. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Joint flexibility post-supplementation | Joint flexibility will be assessed through the sit and reach test. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Core muscle endurance pre-supplementation | Core muscle endurance (trunk flexor, trunk lateral right, trunk lateral left, and trunk extensors) will be assessed through the McGill's torso muscular endurance test battery. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Core muscle endurance post-supplementation | Core muscle endurance (trunk flexor, trunk lateral right, trunk lateral left, and trunk extensors) will be assessed through the McGill's torso muscular endurance test battery. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerols pre-supplementation | Plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerols (all in mg/dL) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerols post-supplementation | Plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triacylglycerols (all in mg/dL) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Plasma amino acid profile pre-supplementation | Plasma amino acid profile (that is, the concentration of each individual amino acid) will be determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Plasma amino acid profile post-supplementation | Plasma amino acid profile (that is, the concentration of each individual amino acid) will be determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Plasma enzymes pre-supplementation | Creatine kinase and γ-glutamyltransferase (both in U/L) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Plasma enzymes post-supplementation | Creatine kinase and γ-glutamyltransferase (both in U/L) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Cortisol pre-supplementation | Plasma Cortisol (μg/dL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Cortisol post-supplementation | Plasma Cortisol (μg/dL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Progesterone and testosterone pre-supplementation | Plasma progesterone and testosterone (both in ng/dL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Progesterone and testosterone post-supplementation | Plasma progesterone and testosterone (both in ng/dL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Estradiol pre-supplementation | Plasma estradiol (pg/mL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Estradiol post-supplementation | Plasma estradiol (pg/mL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Plasma urea and creatinine pre-supplementation | Plasma urea and creatinine (both in mg/dL) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Plasma urea and creatinine post-supplementation | Plasma urea and creatinine (both in mg/dL) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Total body water %, intracellular water %, and extracellular water % pre-supplementation | Total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water (all as % of total body weight) will be assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Total body water %, intracellular water %, and extracellular water % post-supplementation | Total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water (all as % of total body weight) will be assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water pre-supplementation | Total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water (all in Lt) will be assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation. |
| Total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water post-supplementation | Total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water (all in Lt) will be assessed by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| Body mass index (BMI) pre-supplementation | BMI will be calculated by divinding weight by height squared. | Within one week before the beginning of supplementation |
| Body mass index (BMI) post-supplementation | BMI will be calculated by divinding weight by height squared. | Within one week after the end of supplementation. |
| D000602 |
| Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D000067796 | Whey |
| D008892 | Milk |
| D003611 | Dairy Products |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |