This is a 3-arm randomized controlled trial. Participants will be randomized via a maximally tolerated imbalance randomization procedure using NCI's Clinical Trial Randomization Tool with 1:1:1 allocation to each group: in-person peer recovery coaching (PRC) with linkage to recovery resources, telemedicine-based peer recovery coaching with linkage to recovery resources, or usual care.

In the PRC arms, PRCs will meet patients at bedside (in person) or via a tablet-based video call (telemedicine). They will assess the participant's state of change, engage in motivational interviewing techniques, and link the participant to community-based recovery resources according to the needs of the participant. They will also schedule and perform follow up calls after the participant is discharged from the ED to provide ongoing support and facilitate re-linkage to recovery resources, if needed.

Participants in the usual care arm will be provided with a list of community recovery resources, but there will be no PRC interaction or direct linkage to resources through the study.

Follow up visits will take place at 7, 30, and 90 days after enrollment. Most will take place via telephone, but participants will be given the option of an in-person visit if they so desire.

Deaths from drug overdose have risen to record levels since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, disproportionately impacting Black individuals and people experiencing homelessness. Fewer than one-third of the 8.3 million individuals living with an illicit drug use disorder in 2019 reported receiving treatment. Telemedicine services have increased access to care for many patients living with substance use disorders (SUD), but the long-term role of this treatment approach in SUD care is uncertain. Multifaceted strategies are needed to build recovery capital and link vulnerable individuals to recovery resources.

Emergency department (ED) visits are an opportunity to screen for SUDs, initiate treatment, and link to recovery resources. Observational studies have noted that consultation with a peer recovery coach (PRC) was well-received in EDs, with high rates of engagement and satisfaction. PRCs facilitate conversations allowing patients to express their ideal pathway to recovery, provide linkage to services across the social ecology, and follow up to support recovery, including re-linkage to resources as needed. Nonetheless, their role in ED screening and linkage to resources, including the potential role of telemedicine, has not been rigorously evaluated.

The investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial enrolling 600 subjects across three arms: in-person peer coaching with linkage to recovery support services and callbacks, telemedicine-based peer coaching with linkage and callbacks, or usual care. Results will inform other EDs considering a peer recovery coach program for patients presenting with SUD-related conditions. By utilizing telemedicine, this model will be rapidly scalable and readily implemented at other facilities.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. ED patient or hospitalized through the ED within last 24 hours
2. Age 18 years or older
3. Able to speak and understand English
4. Clinically sober, able to provide informed consent
5. Score of 3 or greater - "moderate level", "substantial level", or "severe level" of problems related to drug abuse - on Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10).(103, 104)
6. Willing to follow study procedures and complete research follow-up calls
7. Have at least one reliable contact number

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Medically or psychiatrically unstable as determined by treating physician
2. Prisoner or in police custody
3. Prior participation in the study

Data sharing will be initiated upon written request to the PI and would ultimately be shared via a secure portal such as Microsoft OneDrive.

Deidentified data files, the data dictionary, and the final protocol will be uploaded to the Emory Dataverse, which is a long-term repository offered through a partnership between Emory and the Odum Institute at the University of North Carolina and Chapel Hill. This repository has policies and procedures in place that will provide data access to qualified researchers, fully consistent with federal data sharing policies and applicable laws and regulations. Datasets are uniquely named with a persistent digital object identifier (DOI), and are downloadable directly through a web-based interface. Additional data documentation and de-identified data will be deposited for sharing along with data consistent with applicable laws and regulations. Submitted data will confirm with relevant data and terminology standards.

Data sharing will be initiated upon written request to the PI and would ultimately be shared via a secure portal such as Microsoft OneDrive.

The investigators will make data publicly available within 30 months of completing data collection.

Written request to the PI.