Financial constraints and study recruitment phase exceeded the time allotted

To access the small intestinal microbiome and find abnormal microbiome/metabolome signature in luminal fluid samples from small bowel in MS compared to HC that could be used as biomarkers for MS.

Participants will be swallowing the SIMBA capsule which allows for minimally-invasive sampling of the microbiome and metabolome deep in the small intestine. Researchers will use the capsule samples to access the small intestinal microbiome and find abnormal metabolomic signatures in luminal fluid samples from the small bowel in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients compared to healthy control.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age between 18 and 60 years inclusive.
2. Have diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (relapsing remitting or secondary progressive for the MS cohort) or be a healthy individual living in the same household (non-MS for the healthy control cohort)
3. No antibiotics, or colon cleanses/bowel preparation in the previous 2 weeks.
4. Written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known to have swallowing disorders
2. Known disease which, in the investigator's opinion, would lead to intestinal stricture or obstruction with a risk of capsule non-excretion (particular diseases which would be assessed on a case-by-case basis would include, achalasia, eosinophilic esophagitis, diverticulitis, Crohn's disease, Ulcerative colitis, cancer diagnosis or treatment within the past year, or previous oesophageal, gastric, small intestinal, or colonic surgery. 3) Appendectomy or cholecystectomy more than 3 months prior to enrolment are acceptable). The main deciding factor would be history of obstructive symptoms in the previous 3 months prior to entry.
3. Use of any medications in the previous week that could substantially alter gastrointestinal motor function (e.g., opioids, prokinetics, anticholinergics, laxatives), or acidity (PPI, H2RA); for both groups.
4. < 2 bowel movements per week (for both groups).
5. Risk or suspect of being pregnant