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This is a prospective, crossover study of healthy participants evaluating the impact of passive vs. active virtual reality (VR) games on heat pain threshold (HPT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT).
Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging, non-pharmaceutical intervention used to reduce perceived pain and anxiety in patients. VR's effect on pain and anxiety on patients is well-studied as is how VR games improve recalled pain and anxiety in pediatric burn and bone-fracture patients undergoing painful medical procedures. However, how differences in VR application construction (such as passive play vs. active play) impact patient perception of pain and anxiety is not well understood. In this study, we will measure the impact of passive vs. active VR applications on heat pain threshold (HPT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT), and immediate vs. recalled pain and anxiety levels.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Active VR then Passive VR | Experimental | Participant will conduct the Heat Pain Threshold experiment or Pressure Pain Threshold experiment using active VR first and then passive VR |
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| Passive VR then Active VR | Experimental | Participant will conduct the Heat Pain Threshold experiment or Pressure Pain Threshold experiment using passive VR first and then active VR |
|
| No immersive virtual reality followed by immersive virtual reality | Experimental | Participant will conduct the Heat Pain Threshold experiment or Pressure Pain Threshold experiment using no immersive virtual reality first and then with immersive virtual reality. |
|
| Immersive virtual reality followed by No immersive virtual reality | Experimental | Participant will conduct the Heat Pain Threshold experiment or Pressure Pain Threshold experiment using immersive virtual reality first and then with no immersive virtual reality. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oculus Go headset without active intervention | Behavioral | VR software with non-interactive content. Heat pain threshold (HPT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) depends on the HPT limits test or PPT limits test. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in heat pain threshold | Heat pain threshold measured by the TSA Air II device. Temperature ranges from 32 degrees C to 50 degrees C, with higher temperatures indicating a higher heat pain threshold. | Duration of intervention, approximately 15 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pressure pain threshold | Pressure pain threshold measured by a computerized pressure pain algometer. Pressure ranges from 0 kPa to 1000 kPa, with higher pressures indicating a higher pressure pain threshold. | Duration of intervention, approximately 15 minutes |
| Change in recalled pain level |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lucile Parkard Children's Hospital | Stanford | California | 94304 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33495093 | Background | Le May S, Hupin M, Khadra C, Ballard A, Paquin D, Beaudin M, Bouchard S, Cotes-Turpin C, Noel M, Guingo E, Hoffman HG, Dery J, Hung N, Perreault I. Decreasing Pain and Fear in Medical Procedures with a Pediatric Population (DREAM): A Pilot Randomized Within-Subject Trial. Pain Manag Nurs. 2021 Apr;22(2):191-197. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2020.10.002. Epub 2021 Jan 22. | |
| 16697110 |
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| Oculus Go headset with active intervention | Behavioral | Participant will engage with the game display on the VR headset. Heat pain threshold (HPT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) depends on the HPT limits test or PPT limits test. |
|
| Oculus Go headset without immersive virtual reality experience | Behavioral | VR headset does not display any immersive virtual reality content. Heat pain threshold (HPT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) depends on the HPT limits test or PPT limits test. |
|
| Oculus Go headset with immersive virtual reality experience | Behavioral | VR headset displays immersive virtual reality content. Heat pain threshold (HPT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) depends on the HPT limits test or PPT limits test. |
|
Recalled pain level measured by a numerical rating scale (NRS) from 0-10. Scale ranges from 0-10, with higher scores indicating higher pain levels. |
| immediately after intervention, 24 hours after the intervention |
| Change in lower recalled fear/anxiety level | Fear/anxiety level measure by the anxiety scale. This scale ranges from 0-10, 0 meaning no anxiety and 10 indicating extreme or worst-possible anxiety | immediately after intervention, 24 hours after the intervention |
| Rolke R, Baron R, Maier C, Tolle TR, Treede -DR, Beyer A, Binder A, Birbaumer N, Birklein F, Botefur IC, Braune S, Flor H, Huge V, Klug R, Landwehrmeyer GB, Magerl W, Maihofner C, Rolko C, Schaub C, Scherens A, Sprenger T, Valet M, Wasserka B. Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS): standardized protocol and reference values. Pain. 2006 Aug;123(3):231-243. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.041. Epub 2006 May 11. |
| 8199784 | Background | Price J, Sloman L, Gardner R Jr, Gilbert P, Rohde P. The social competition hypothesis of depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Mar;164(3):309-15. doi: 10.1192/bjp.164.3.309. |
| 40117909 | Derived | Rodriguez ST, Jimenez RT, Wang EY, Zuniga-Hernandez M, Titzler J, Jackson C, Suen MY, Yamaguchi C, Ko B, Kong JT, Caruso TJ. Virtual reality improves pain threshold and recall in healthy adults: A randomized, crossover study. J Clin Anesth. 2025 Apr;103:111816. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.111816. Epub 2025 Mar 21. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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