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This project addresses the disproportionate morbidity and mortality associated with mental and behavioral health problems in American Indian and Alaska Native communities. Access to culturally competent and effective behavioral health services is limited in many of these communities. The investigators aim to address this gap by testing the effectiveness of a trans-diagnostic secondary prevention program, Family Spirit Strengths (FSS) that can be embedded within home visiting services. The FSS program is a skills-based program that incorporates elements of evidence-based practice, the Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA), and materials informed and developed based on an Indigenous advisory group. The FSS program aims to help participants build self-efficacy and coping skills, as well as build stronger connections to others, the participants' community, and cultural resources. The investigators will use a randomized controlled trial, whereby half of the participants will receive FSS and the other half will receive an evidence-based nutrition education program. The investigators' study is grounded in participatory processes and led by a team of Indigenous and allied researchers.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Family Spirit Strengths (FSS) | Experimental | FSS participants will receive 4-16 (average of 6-8) intervention visits covering topics related to their mental and behavioral health. The number of sessions each participant receives varies and depends on their unique needs. To guide this process, all intervention participants will take a brief, in-session survey to screen for current challenges they may be facing. Their answers will help determine the content and dose of future sessions. |
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| Family Spirit Nurture | Active Comparator | Participants enrolled in nutrition education comparison group will receive 6 educational lessons related to promoting early childhood healthy growth. Lessons will be delivered bi-weekly for no longer than 4-months total. The lessons are from the evidence-based Family Spirit Nurture curriculum. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family Spirit Strengths (FSS) | Behavioral | The FSS intervention consists of psychoeducational components that emphasize the importance of mental and emotional health as part of overall wellness, and seek to normalize experiences of stress, to de-stigmatize help-seeking, and to build hope. Core content focuses on awareness of the connections between thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and spirituality, and imparts related self-help skills. It also specifically builds in connection to culture, land and others as coping strategies. The FSS lessons were developed based on culturally adapting the Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Difference in number of poor mental health days in last 30 days as assessed by a single item on the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) measure | As measured by the single item on the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) which asks responders to identify how many days in the past 30 day they experience bad or poor mental health. Scores may range from 0-30 where 0 indicates the participant did not experience any poor mental health days in the last 30 days and 30 indicates the participant experienced a poor mental health day every day in the last 30 days. A difference in mean for the past 30 days will be calculated at the 6 month follow-up timepoint. | baseline, 3-4 months post baseline, 6-8 months post baseline |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Substance Use as measure by the Timeline Follow Back for Substance Use | Timeline Follow Back for substance use is a 21 item assessment tool used to measure substance use. Domains measured by this tool include alcohol, marijuana, other drugs, and cigarette use. Participants will be asked to report on any use within the past two weeks. This tool uses standard units of alcoholic beverages, in which each count as one drink. The average alcohol score ranges from 0-4. An average score of 2 or above indicates some level of risk and warrants a referral for additional support. The average drug use score range is 0-6. An average score of 1 or above indicates some level of drug use risk and a referral for additional support will be made. The average score range for injection drug use is 0-3. An average injection drug use score of 1 or higher indicates some level of risk and a referral for additional support will be made. For any score of less than scores stated above as being high risk will be considered low risk and no referral is necessary. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Identifies as female
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emily Haroz, PhD | Contact | 410-449-0051 | eharoz1@jhu.edu | |
| Leonela Nelson, MPH | Contact | 505-368- 4234 | lnelso32@jhu.edu |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Emily Haroz | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johns Hopkins Center for Indigenous Health | Recruiting | Chinle | Arizona | 86503 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41749230 | Derived | Nelson L, Lopez LM, Archuleta S, Van Wyk SS, Kushman E, Martin L, Mitchell K, Leffler E, Werwie TR, Kemp CG, Cuddy RF, Haroz EE. Testing the effectiveness of Family Spirit Strengths (FSS) - a culturally informed intervention designed to prevent mental health and substance misuse for indigenous families through home visiting. BMC Public Health. 2026 Feb 26;26(1):1085. doi: 10.1186/s12889-026-26593-0. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Johns Hopkins Center for Indigenous Health Family Spirit Strengths program description | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003863 | Depression |
| D001008 | Anxiety Disorders |
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001526 | Behavioral Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
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| Family Spirit Nurture | Behavioral | The active control Family Spirit Nurture, is an evidence-based nutrition education curriculum that has been previously tested with Navajo communities which focuses on age-appropriate parental feeding practices, including snack routines, avoidance of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and promotion of water consumption. |
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| baseline, 3-4 months post baseline, 6-8 months post baseline |
| Change in depressive symptoms as measured by the Centers for Epidemiological Research Revised 10 item scale (CESDR-10) | Centers for Epidemiological Research Revised 10 item scale (CESDR-10). This 10-item screening measure is used to identify individuals who are at high-risk for major depressive disorder. It asks respondents to rate the frequency of specific depressive symptoms in the past two weeks. The more often depressive symptoms that are experienced by the respondent and the more depressive symptoms they experience in general, the higher the risk for major depressive disorder. The average score range for this measure is 0-3. An average score of 0.80 and over is considered high risk and warrants a referral for additional support. A score lower than 0.80 is considered at lower risk and no referral is necessary. | baseline, 3-4 months post baseline, 6-8 months post baseline |
| Change in anxiety symptoms as measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) short form | Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) short form. This 8-item anxiety screening tool asks respondents to rate how often they feel anxiety symptoms in the past 7 days. Items focus on feeling fearful, anxious, worried, nervous, uneasy, tense, and unable to focus on anything other than anxiety. The more often anxiety symptoms are experienced by the respondent and the more anxiety symptoms they experience in general, the higher the risk for an anxiety disorder. The average score range for this measure is 0-4. An average score of 2.125 and above is considered high risk, warrants a referral for additional support. Scores lower than 2.125 average score are considered at lower risk and no referral is necessary. | baseline, 3-6 months post baseline, 6-8 months post baseline |
| Pokagon Health Services | Recruiting | Pokagon | Michigan | 49047 | United States |
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| Johns Hopkins Center For Indigenous Health | Recruiting | Shiprock | New Mexico | 87420 | United States |
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