Non-athlete subjects included students currently enrolled in a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program served as a sample of convenience. Non-athlete subjects were excluded if they were over the age of 30 years old to minimize the effect of age in the data analysis.

D1 student athletes currently enrolled in a large public university in the Los Angeles area. Subjects volunteered to participate in this study and currently competing in one of the following teams: Men's and Women's soccer, Men's and Women's basketball, Women's water polo or Men's volleyball. Athletes were eligible to participate if they were currently enrolled students, actively participating on the specified teams, provided consent to participate, and were able to complete the testing protocol.

Dynamic Vision Acuity is tested with the Dynamic Vision Acuity (DVA) and Gaze Stabilization Test (GST) using the Bertec Vision Advantage System.

Subjects move their head at approximately 85 degrees per second per the standard test protocol. A metronome automatically generated by the computer assists in maintaining the correct head speed. When the sensor identifies 85 deg/sec, an optotype appears on the screen and the subject verbally identifies the optotype's orientation. This continues with progressively smaller sized letter until the athlete is no longer able to correctly identify the orientation. The computerized system uses a convergence algorithm to determine the accuracy of the response requiring 3 correct answers at the smallest letter size to assign a result. The computer then compares each subject's DVA score to their SVA, which is expressed a Log of minimal angle resolvable units (LogMAR). Simply, the computer considers the number of lines on an eye chart that are lost with head moving (DVA) compared to the head steady condition, known as static visual acuity (SVA)

The subjects are asked to move their head in the horizontal plane and identify an optotype's orientation at increasing speeds. The optotype remains the same size while the head speed increases. A metronome is utilized to ensure correct head speeds which change throughout the test. When the subject reaches or exceeds the minimum threshold for velocity as measured by a wearable gyroscope attached to the forehead, the optotype appears on the screen for 75 ms, and the subject verbally identifies the direction of the optotype. The subject answers 3 of 5 trials correctly to confirm visual acuity for that velocity. The velocity of head movement begins very slowly (10 deg / second) and the rotational speed increases incrementally as long as the subject is asymptomatic and can see clearly. The test continues until the subject "fails", meaning the subject is unable to answer 3 of 5 trials correctly at a given velocity. The maximum head velocity is measured in degrees/second

Log of minimal angle resolvable units (LogMAR). The number of lines on an eye chart that are lost with head moving (DVA) compared to the head steady condition, known as static visual acuity (SVA)