Participants received 12 one-hour sessions over 4 weeks (three times per week with a day between sessions). Each session of rTMS consisted of a sequence of three stimulation pulses per string with a string interval of 1 s (total 500 strings, total 1,500 stimulation pulses, and total stimulation time of 30 mins per session). After subjects finished each rTMS session, they immediately attended the TC class together with the participants in the TC-alone group.

Participants underwent a 4-week intervention program consisting of simplified Yang style 12-Form Easy TC given as 1-hour sessions, three times per week. Each session included 5 to 10 minutes of warm-up exercise, 45 minutes of TC practice, and 5 to 10 minutes of cool-down exercise. The TC intervention was conducted in a small group format (i.e., 6-8) led by a trained TC instructor.

Participants in the TAU control group received treatments as usual for 4 weeks. No additional sleep intervention was provided. All participants were required to complete the subjective and objective assessments.

Tai Chi (TC) is a traditional Chinese exercise, also known as a mind-body exercise. It is suitable as an alternative or supplementary form of routine physical exercise for older adults. TC focuses on gentle and rhythmical movements while maintaining a meditative state. Low to moderate activities have benefits to improve sleep disturbances in older adults. In addition, growing evidence widely supports meditation as a potential intervention to improve sleep disturbances through reducing repetitive negative thoughts such as worry and rumination.