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Vitamin D is essential for skeletal growth and bone health, deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia. In the UK 29% of adults have vitamin D deficiency. It is recommended all adults take 10µg vitamin D supplement daily. Genetic variations could alter vitamin D status by affecting vitamin D metabolism. Systematic reviews found variations in VDR, GC and CYP2R1 genes are associated with vitamin D deficiency. This study aims to assess the effects between vitamin D supplementation and variations in VDR, GC and CYP2R1 genes on vitamin D status.
The study design is a quantitative, randomised control trial measuring vitamin D concentrations in blood serum. All participants will be given the recommended 10µg daily dose of vitamin D supplementation. Participants will be grouped based on their genotype for each gene, as either low, medium or high-risk genotypes. The low-risk group will act as a control and the medium and high-risk groups will act as the intervention groups.
Participants will attend St Mary's University's applied science laboratory twice. During their first visit participants will provide a 2ml capillary blood sample. Blood samples are collected using lancets to prick participants' ear lobes. The serum is extracted from the blood samples, serum is stored at -80c until analysis. Participants will be given 90 10µg vitamin D supplements and instructed to take one per day for 90 days. Participants will also be instructed to not make any major changes to their habitual diet. During the second visit participants will provide 1 ml of saliva sample into the Collection Pot and a second 2ml sample of blood. Serum samples will be analysed for vitamin D concentrations using 25(OH) Vitamin D ELISA kit. DNA will be extracted from the saliva samples using PSP SalivaGene DNA Kit following the manufacturer's protocol. DNA will be genotyped for variations in the VDR, GC and CYP2R1 genes. Data will be assessed to determine if variations in these genes influenced the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control (Low risk genotype) | Experimental | Participants with no genetic variation in their VDR, GC and CYP2R1 genes that would increase their risk of vitamin D deficiency. Participants will be given 10µg vitamin D supplements for 90 days. This group is a control against the medium and high-risk intervention groups. |
|
| Intervention (Medium risk genotype) | Experimental | Participants with genetic variation in their VDR, GC and CYP2R1 genes that moderately increase their risk of vitamin D deficiency. Participants will be given 10µg vitamin D supplements for 90 days. This group will be compared against the low-risk control group to determine the effect of genetic variations on vitamin D status. |
|
| Intervention (High risk genotype) | Experimental | Participants with genetic variation in their VDR, GC and CYP2R1 genes that increase their risk of vitamin D deficiency. Participants will be given 10µg vitamin D supplements for 90 days. This group will be compared against the low-risk control group to determine the effect of genetic variations on vitamin D status. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D3 supplement | Dietary Supplement | 10µg vitamin D3 supplement per day for 90 days |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| vitamin D concentration | Effect between genetic variations and vitamin D concentration | 90 days |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yiannis Mavrommatis | Contact | 020 8240 4000 | yiannis.mavrommatis@stmarys.ac.uk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Yiannis Mavrommatis | St. Mary's University, Twickenham | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| St Mary's University Twickenham | Recruiting | London | Lobdon | TW1 4SX | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 34578986 | Background | Krasniqi E, Boshnjaku A, Wagner KH, Wessner B. Association between Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Pathway-Related Genes, Vitamin D Status, Muscle Mass and Function: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 4;13(9):3109. doi: 10.3390/nu13093109. | |
| Background | National Health Service (NHS) (2020) Vitamin D. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/ | ||
| Background | National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2017) Vitamin D: supplement use in specific population groups. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph56/ | ||
| Background | Public Health England (PHE) (2019) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Years 1 to 9 of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009 - 2016/2017): Time trend and income analyses. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014808 | Vitamin D Deficiency |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001361 | Avitaminosis |
| D003677 | Deficiency Diseases |
| D044342 | Malnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
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Participants are grouped based on their genetic risk of vitamin D deficiency, all participants are given 10µg vitamin D supplements for 90 days
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Participants are not informed of their genetic variations until completion of the trial
| 31678109 | Background | Sepulveda-Villegas M, Elizondo-Montemayor L, Trevino V. Identification and analysis of 35 genes associated with vitamin D deficiency: A systematic review to identify genetic variants. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020 Feb;196:105516. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105516. Epub 2019 Oct 31. |
| D009750 |
| Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |