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The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of the HyperVolt percussive massage device, body tempering, and dry cupping to static stretching of the hamstrings of healthy adults aged 18-39 years on the active knee extension and back saver sit-and-reach test.While these modalities are frequently used in healthcare settings there is a paucity of research regarding effectiveness. If the effects on flexibility are comparable, patients could save time and money by performing static stretching.
Our study aims to compare the effects of the HyperVolt percussive massage device (HyperVolt), body tempering, and dry cupping compared to static stretching on flexibility and range of motion (ROM), specifically in those with active hamstring ROM limitations. Those individuals from the University of South Carolina community who are interested in becoming study participants will be identified by means of announcements made in the Seminar in Physical Therapy course which is attended by all Physical Therapy students, faculty, and staff each week. Interested individuals will be provided with Dr.Cathy Arnot's email address in order to schedule an evaluation session to determine whether or not they meet the study's inclusion and exclusion criteria. A flyer will also be posted in the Blatt PE Building with Sean Edmonds' contact information included. Interested individuals that contact Sean will be scheduled for screening by Dr.Cathy Arnot. Participants will be assigned to either the HyperVolt percussive massage device (HyperVolt) group, body tempering group, dry cupping group, or static stretching group via blocked randomization for sex and age, with at least twenty participants being placed into each group. The HyperVolt percussive massage group participants will receive a therapist-performed HyperVolt technique for a period of 5 minutes. The body tempering group participants will receive a therapist-performed body tempering technique for a period of 5 minutes. The dry cupping group participants will receive a therapist-performed dry cupping technique for a period of 5 minutes. The static stretch group participants will perform a self-facilitated stretch by looping a strap around the heel of their foot and grasping it with both hands followed by pulling the strap to raise the fully extended leg into hip flexion. The participant will then lift the leg until they reach their maximal tolerable point and then alternate between periods of resting and stretching for a total of 5 minutes. Measurements will be assessed at three time points: Immediately before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 24 hours after the intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Static stretching | Active Comparator | The static stretch group participants will perform a self-facilitated stretch by looping a strap around the heel of their foot and grasping it with both hands followed by pulling the strap to raise the fully extended leg into hip flexion. The participant will then lift the leg until they reach their maximal tolerable point and then alternate between periods of resting and stretching for a total of 5 minutes. |
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| Hypervolt | Experimental | The HyperVolt percussive massage group participants will receive a therapist-performed HyperVolt technique to the hamstrings for a period of 5 minutes. |
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| Body tempering | Experimental | The body tempering group participants will receive a therapist-performed body tempering technique to the hamstrings for a period of 5 minutes. |
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| Dry cupping | Experimental | The dry cupping group participants will receive a therapist-performed dry cupping technique to the hamstrings for a period of 5 minutes. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypervolt | Device | HyperVolt Percussive Massage Device: this will be performed by a physical therapist while the participant is prone. The physical therapist will apply a vibrating device to the back of the thigh with moderate pressure while continuously moving the device for 5 minutes. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Active Knee Extension Test (AKE) | The Active Knee Extension (AKE) Test measures will be conducted by a pair of graders that will be blinded to the intervention applied to the study participants. Participants will have an axis of rotation labeled at the lateral aspect of the knee joint midline. The participant will be instructed to lie down on the table in the supine position. One of the test graders will assist the participant in performing and maintaining 90-degrees of hip flexion throughout this test. The participant will be instructed to extend at the knee as much as possible and told to hold the position for the second grader to measure the knee extension ROM using a goniometer. A total of 3 measurements will be conducted, with the last 2 recorded for data analysis. | Immediately after intervention |
| Active Knee Extension Test (AKE) | The Active Knee Extension (AKE) Test measures will be conducted by a pair of graders that will be blinded to the intervention applied to the study participants. Participants will have an axis of rotation labeled at the lateral aspect of the knee joint midline. The participant will be instructed to lie down on the table in the supine position. One of the test graders will assist the participant in performing and maintaining 90-degrees of hip flexion throughout this test. The participant will be instructed to extend at the knee as much as possible and told to hold the position for the second grader to measure the knee extension ROM using a goniometer. A total of 3 measurements will be conducted, with the last 2 recorded for data analysis. | 24 hours after the intervention |
| Back-Saver Sit-and-Reach Test | The Back-Saver Sit-and-ReachTest will be conducted by a pair of graders that will be blinded to the intervention group of the study participants. A box will be utilized with a ruler placed on top of the box with 9 inches protruding out towards the participant. The ruler will run parallel to the direction of forward movement by the participant. When instructed, the tested lower extremity will remain fully extended at the knee with the plantar side of the foot flat up against the wall of the box. The contralateral non-tested leg will be flexed at the knee, resulting in the plantar side of the foot flat down against the floor. The foot of the non-tested leg will be placed within 2 to 3 inches away from the fully extended tested leg and remain planted at all times during testing procedures. Participants will be instructed to reach forward as far as possible with arms fully extended, back straight, and head up. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cathy F Arnot, DPT | Contact | 8032402455 | arnot@mailbox.sc.edu | |
| Matthew Geary, DPT | Contact | 8435143798 | gearym@mailbox.sc.edu |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Cathy F Arnot, DPT | University of South Carolina | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of South Carolina | Recruiting | Columbia | South Carolina | 29208 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29300214 | Result | Blazevich AJ, Gill ND, Kvorning T, Kay AD, Goh AG, Hilton B, Drinkwater EJ, Behm DG. No Effect of Muscle Stretching within a Full, Dynamic Warm-up on Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018 Jun;50(6):1258-1266. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001539. | |
| 22446678 | Result | Aguilar AJ, DiStefano LJ, Brown CN, Herman DC, Guskiewicz KM, Padua DA. A dynamic warm-up model increases quadriceps strength and hamstring flexibility. J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Apr;26(4):1130-41. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822e58b6. |
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| Body Tempering | Device | Body Tempering:this will be performed by a physical therapist while the participant is prone. The physical therapist will apply a moderately heavy metal device to the back of the thigh while continuously moving the device for 5 minutes. |
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| Dry cupping | Device | Dry Cupping: This will be performed by a physical therapist while the participant is prone. The physical therapist will apply several negative pressure devices to the back of your thigh for 5 minutes. |
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| Static stretching | Other | Participants will perform a static stretch on their lower extremity. This stretch will be performed by having the participant loop a strap around their heel and grasping it with both hands followed by pulling the strap to raise the fully extended leg into hip flexion. The participant will be instructed to lift the leg until they reach their maximal tolerable point and then to hold the position for 30 seconds. They will then lower the extremity to the table and rest for 15 seconds This self-stretch sequence will be performed for 7 cycles so that the total intervention was equal to the intervention time of the other group (5 minutes).7 |
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| Immediately after intervention |
| Back-Saver Sit-and-Reach Test | The Back-Saver Sit-and-ReachTest will be conducted by a pair of graders that will be blinded to the intervention group of the study participants. A box will be utilized with a ruler placed on top of the box with 9 inches protruding out towards the participant. The ruler will run parallel to the direction of forward movement by the participant. When instructed, the tested lower extremity will remain fully extended at the knee with the plantar side of the foot flat up against the wall of the box. The contralateral non-tested leg will be flexed at the knee, resulting in the plantar side of the foot flat down against the floor. The foot of the non-tested leg will be placed within 2 to 3 inches away from the fully extended tested leg and remain planted at all times during testing procedures. Participants will be instructed to reach forward as far as possible with arms fully extended, back straight, and head up. | 24 hours after the intervention |
| 33239942 | Result | Konrad A, Glashuttner C, Reiner MM, Bernsteiner D, Tilp M. The Acute Effects of a Percussive Massage Treatment with a Hypervolt Device on Plantar Flexor Muscles' Range of Motion and Performance. J Sports Sci Med. 2020 Nov 19;19(4):690-694. eCollection 2020 Dec. |
| 35076554 | Result | Taber CB, Colter RJ, Davis JJ, Seweje PA, Wilson DP, Foster JZ, Merrigan JJ. The Effects of Body Tempering on Force Production, Flexibility and Muscle Soreness in Collegiate Football Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2022 Jan 11;7(1):9. doi: 10.3390/jfmk7010009. |
| 29364033 | Result | Williams JG, Gard HI, Gregory JM, Gibson A, Austin J. The Effects of Cupping on Hamstring Flexibility in College Soccer Players. J Sport Rehabil. 2019 May 1;28(4):350-353. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2017-0199. Epub 2018 Dec 4. |
| 30692839 | Result | Gunn LJ, Stewart JC, Morgan B, Metts ST, Magnuson JM, Iglowski NJ, Fritz SL, Arnot C. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques improve hamstring flexibility better than static stretching alone: a randomized clinical trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2019 Feb;27(1):15-23. doi: 10.1080/10669817.2018.1475693. Epub 2018 Aug 1. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D052580 | Muscle Stretching Exercises |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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