Participants performed Otago exercise program and core muscle strengthening exercises for eight weeks (thrice a week).

Participants performed Gaze stability exercises and core muscle strengthening exercises for eight weeks (thrice a week).

Otago exercise program consisted of strengthening and balance exercises. The strengthening exercises focus on major lower limb muscles. Progression of exercises was done by increasing the duration and then intensity.

Balance exercises involved knee bends, backward walking, walking, and turning around, sideways walking, tandem stance (heel to toe), tandem walk (heal to toe walk), one leg stand, heel walking, toe walk, heel to toe walking backward, sit to stand and stair walking. Balance exercises progressed with varying levels of support depending on their balance and confidence. The individuals repeated each exercise 10 times.

This tool encompasses both static and dynamic balance components across 14 different activities (5 static and 9 dynamic) performed by the patient graded on varying difficulty levels for different balance conditions (sitting balance, standing up, turning around, walking on an even surface, walking on steps, and while changing body position). The BBS utilizes an ordinal grading on a 5-point scale (0-4) to rate the 14 task items, producing a global score of 56 with the lower score assigned to poor performance (score-0) and a greater score representing the better outcomes (score-4).

The FES-I form consists of 16 items related to various functional activities. The participant is asked to rate the level of each activity on a 4-point Likert scale. A higher score implies a greater fear of falls and lower score imply better outcomes.