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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Covenant House Toronto | OTHER |
| StepStones for Youth | UNKNOWN |
| Living Rock Ministries | OTHER |
| Resource Association for Teens |
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Introduction: This 12-month pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) built on previous community-engaged work and explored whether portable rent subsidies and an intervention targeting identity capital (purpose, control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem) hold promise as a way to facilitate socioeconomic inclusion for youth (age 16 - 24 years) exiting homelessness and living in market rent housing in Ontario, Canada. All (n = 40) participants received rent subsidies; half were randomly assigned an identity capital intervention (co-designed leadership guide + coach).
Methods and analysis: This study employed a convergent mixed methods, two-arm parallel RCT, open-label design with 1:1 allocation embedded within a Community Based Participatory Action Research framework and underpinned by Critical Social Theory.
Specifically, the objectives and measures were:
Ethics and dissemination: This study received ethical approval from the Unity Health Toronto Research Ethics Board. The investigators will continue working alongside community partners - including youth with lived expertise - to disseminate findings broadly and in diverse formats.
The overarching aim of this mixed methods study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a strengths-based intervention focused on building identity capital, as a way to facilitate socioeconomic inclusion for youth (age 16 - 24 years) exiting homelessness and living in market rent housing.
Specifically, the objectives were to:
This pilot study employed a convergent mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative data collected concurrently and the findings combined), two-arm parallel RCT (participants randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group), open-label (participants and research team aware of random assignment) design with 1:1 allocation (equal number of participants in each study arm) embedded within a CBPAR framework.
The study was conducted collaboratively with four community partners who serve youth who are experiencing or have experienced homelessness: 1) Covenant House Toronto (Toronto, ON); 2) Living Rock (Hamilton, ON); 3) The RAFT (St. Catharines, ON); and 4) StepStones for Youth (Toronto, ON). Study participants were recruited from the cities in which our community partners are located: Toronto, ON (Greater Toronto Area population 6.7 million); Hamilton, ON (population 785,000); and St. Catharines, ON (St. Catharines-Niagara population 416,000).
Youth in both arms (n = 40) were provided monthly rent subsidies ($700.00 CAD/month Hamilton and St. Catharines; $800.00 CAD/month Toronto) for 12 months, which was paid directly to landlords and facilitated by our community partners. Youth randomized to the intervention group (n = 20) were also provided a co-designed leadership guide and assigned a study coach. The control group (n = 20) was offered the co-designed leadership guide at the end of the study.
The strengths-based leadership guide - Finding Home: A Guide for Youth in Transition - was co-designed with 12 youth who had experienced homelessness, including youth who participated in TYOH 1.0. The Leadership Guide contained 12 chapters with the overarching aim of enhancing identity capital along with providing strategies to achieve participant-identified goals. Each chapter contained four activities (e.g., self-reflection exercise or listening to a podcast). While the guide was designed for individual study, it was also meant to serve as a reference point for individual and group discussions with the study coaches.
The role of the coach was to speak with youth about how to draw on internal resources to help orient them toward their preferred future. This role was different from case management or mentorship in that a specific coaching methodology (Brief Solution-Focused Coaching) was utilized to walk alongside youth as they developed strategies to reach self-defined goals. Each coach was instructed to devote 2.5 days/week to the intervention and was given a caseload of 9-11 youth. The coaches were instructed to meet individually with each youth on their caseload every two weeks and collectively with the rest of the youth in their group every month.
Questionnaires were completed at baseline. four-, eight-, and 12-months post-randomization. Quantitative analysis was performed using the intention-to-treat principle; that is, all participants were included and analyzed in the groups they were originally randomized. Baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups were summarized using descriptive statistics (i.e., mean, standard deviation, median and interquartile range for continuous variables, and frequencies and proportions for categorical variables).
Primary outcomes were analyzed by estimating the recruitment rate as the proportion of contacted individuals who expressed interest in participating in the study. The enrollment rate was calculated as the proportion of recruited individuals who were eligible and consented to participate in the study. Dropout rates were separately calculated for intervention and control groups at the end of the study as the 1 - proportion of randomized participants who completed the study at 12 months. Exact (Clopper-Pearson) 95% confidence limits were also calculated.
Secondary outcomes were analyzed by calculating descriptive statistics at each study time point and exploring differences in trajectories from baseline to 12 months follow-up between intervention and control groups using scatterplots and box-plots. Adjusted mean group differences with 95% confidence intervals in continuous outcomes at 12 months (housing security and identity capital) between participants who received the intervention and control participants were estimated using analysis of covariance (i.e., linear regression models), including an indicator of intervention group and the baseline value of the outcome, adjusting for site. We performed regression diagnostics and repeated analyses using the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test if there were extreme outliers or influential observations.
Exploratory sub-group analysis was conducted considering only the intervention group and stratifying the primary outcomes by selected baseline demographics (for example, gender) or severity levels of components of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Short Screener (GAIN-SS) V.3.0.2. We also calculated the correlation between secondary outcomes and the level of engagement with the intervention measured as the percentage of class sessions attended out of a maximum of 24 over the 12-month period. Spearman correlation and Spearman partial correlation coefficients were calculated.
Focus groups with those in the intervention group was conducted at four-, eight-, and 12-months post-randomization. Focus group questions primarily centred around intervention acceptability but also explored the impact of the intervention on identity capital and socioeconomic inclusion (e.g., connection to broader social networks). Analysis began during and after the first data generation session, meaning the questions asked evolved over time based on our preliminary interpretations of the data.
Working alongside community partners to disseminate findings with the aim of highlighting sociostructural inequities, building community capacity, and improving the lives of the youth we serve is fundamental to this work. We anticipate disseminating our findings broadly to community-based and academic audiences in a variety of formats ranging from oral presentations to scientific journal papers.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portable Rent Subsidies + Identity Capital Intervention | Experimental | Young people randomized to the intervention group will receive 12 months of: portable rent subsidies, engage in a co-designed leadership guide, and be assigned a coach (one coach/10 youth). |
|
| Portable Rent Subsidies Only | Active Comparator | The control group will be offered 12 months of portable rent subsidies. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identity Capital Intervention (Coach + Co-designed Leadership Guide) | Behavioral | Young people randomized to the intervention group will engage in a co-designed leadership guide with their assigned coach. The co-designed leadership guide contains 12 chapters with the overarching aim of enhancing identity capital along with providing strategies to achieve participant-identified goals. Each chapter contains four activities (e.g., self-reflection exercise or listening to a podcast). Ideally, youth will complete one chapter every month. Each young person in this group will meet individually with their coach every two weeks and with a larger group of 10 youth participants and their coach every month. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Feasibility and Acceptability of the Intervention Over 12 Months (Measured by Recruitment, Enrolment, and Dropout Metrics) | To examine intervention feasibility and acceptability, quantitative measures consisting of recruitment/enrolment/dropout metrics will be utilized. Recruitment rate will be estimated as the proportion of contacted individuals who express interest in participating in the study. The enrollment rate will be calculated as the proportion of recruited individuals who are eligible and consent to participate in the study. Dropout rates will be separately calculated for intervention and control groups at the end of the study as the 1 - proportion of randomized participants who completed the study at 12 months. Exact (Clopper-Pearson) 95% confidence limits will also be calculated. | Assessed at baseline and 12-months. |
| Feasibility and Acceptability of the Intervention Over 12 Months (Informed by Qualitative Data From Focus Groups) | We conducted focus groups with intervention (rent subsidy + identity capital intervention) participants. Focus group questions explored intervention feasibility and acceptability. Focus group data from all time points was analyzed together. | Assessed at 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. |
| Feasibility and Acceptability of the Intervention Over 12 Months (Measured by Coaching Session Attendance Over 12 Months) | Feasibility and acceptability of the coaching component of the identity capital intervention was assessed by coaching session attendance, as recorded by coaches. Overall coaching session attendance was measured as the percentage of total possible coaching sessions attended over the 12-month period (maximum 24 sessions). | Assessed at 12-months. |
| Feasibility and Acceptability of the Intervention Over 12 Months (Measured by the Intervention Engagement Questionnaire) | Feasibility and acceptability of the co-designed leadership guide component of the identity capital intervention was assessed using the Intervention Engagement Questionnaire (self-report measure was developed for this study and administered only to intervention participants). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline to 12 Months in Housing Security (Measured by the Housing Security Scale) (Continuous Outcomes) | The 20-item self-report Housing Security Scale contains the following sub-scales: Subjective Stability (range 5-30; higher scores indicate more housing security); Safety Net (range 3-18; higher scores indicate more housing security); Threats to Stability (range 7-42; higher scores indicate less housing security). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Coaching Engagement Stratified by Gender | This 17-item self-report measure was developed for this study and explores domains related to: age; gender; race/ethnicity; sexual orientation; immigration status; child welfare involvement; homelessness entrenchment; education; social support; financial support; physical health support; mental health support; food security. | Demographics assessed at baseline; Coaching attendance assessed at 12-months. |
Eligible young people ages 16 - 24 years who have left homelessness within the past 12 months and are currently living or planning to live in market rent housing will be identified by the community partners. This age mandate was chosen because this is the age group served by the community partners. The investigators have chosen to target the first year of exiting homelessness because their collective experience has shown that this is a particularly precarious time for youth in terms of mental health challenges and risk of returning to homelessness.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Naomi S Thulien, NP-PHC, PhD | Unity Health Toronto | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unity Health Toronto | Toronto | Ontario | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40279147 | Derived | Thulien NS, Stark RK, Amiri A, Abramovich A, Akdikmen A, Carasco A, Daley M, Downey B, Fambegbe OP, Frederick T, Hwang SW, Kozloff N, Noble A, Pedersen C, Rampersaud M, Rodney R, Tibebu T, Nisenbaum R. A Rent Subsidy and Identity Capital Intervention for Youth Exiting Homelessness: Protocol for the Transitioning Youth Out of Homelessness 2.0 Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2025 Apr 25;14:e66210. doi: 10.2196/66210. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| TYOH 1.0 study website (includes short documentary and animation of study findings). | View source |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Rent Subsidy + Identity Capital Intervention | Participants in this group received a 12-month portable rent subsidy (CAD $700/month in Hamilton and St. Catharines; CAD $800/month in Toronto), paid directly to landlords and facilitated by community partner organizations. In addition to the rent subsidy, participants received a co-designed leadership guide and individualized coaching. Coaching was delivered by two professionals with established coaching practices, using a flexible, supportive coaching model that combined Brief Solution-Focused Coaching principles with a relational and strengths-based approach, based on participant needs. Coaches met with participants individually every two weeks and hosted monthly group sessions. The leadership guide, co-developed with youth who had experienced homelessness, contained 12 chapters aimed at fostering identity capital (purpose, control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem). |
| FG001 | Rent Subsidy Only | Participants in this group received a 12-month portable rent subsidy (CAD $700/month in Hamilton and St. Catharines; CAD $800/month in Toronto), paid directly to landlords and facilitated by community partner organizations. These participants did not receive coaching or the co-designed leadership guide during the study period. However, they were offered access to the leadership guide after the study was completed. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Rent Subsidy + Identity Capital Intervention | Participants in this group received a 12-month portable rent subsidy (CAD $700/month in Hamilton and St. Catharines; CAD $800/month in Toronto), paid directly to landlords and facilitated by community partner organizations. In addition to the rent subsidy, participants received a co-designed leadership guide and individualized coaching. Coaching was delivered by two professionals with established coaching practices, using a flexible, supportive coaching model that combined Brief Solution-Focused Coaching principles with a relational and strengths-based approach, based on participant needs. Coaches met with participants individually every two weeks and hosted monthly group sessions. The leadership guide, co-developed with youth who had experienced homelessness, contained 12 chapters aimed at fostering identity capital (purpose, control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem). |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized | Age categories reported at baseline: 16-18, 19-21, 22-24. |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Feasibility and Acceptability of the Intervention Over 12 Months (Measured by Recruitment, Enrolment, and Dropout Metrics) | To examine intervention feasibility and acceptability, quantitative measures consisting of recruitment/enrolment/dropout metrics will be utilized. Recruitment rate will be estimated as the proportion of contacted individuals who express interest in participating in the study. The enrollment rate will be calculated as the proportion of recruited individuals who are eligible and consent to participate in the study. Dropout rates will be separately calculated for intervention and control groups at the end of the study as the 1 - proportion of randomized participants who completed the study at 12 months. Exact (Clopper-Pearson) 95% confidence limits will also be calculated. | This outcome reflects recruitment, enrolment, and retention feasibility metrics. Group-level data for participants contacted, recruited, and enrolled were not recorded; however, dropout data was collected and is reported by group. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Assessed at baseline and 12-months. |
|
12 months.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Rent Subsidy + Identity Capital Intervention | Participants in this group received a 12-month portable rent subsidy (CAD $700/month in Hamilton and St. Catharines; CAD $800/month in Toronto), paid directly to landlords and facilitated by community partner organizations. In addition to the rent subsidy, participants received a co-designed leadership guide and individualized coaching. Coaching was delivered by two professionals with established coaching practices, using a flexible, supportive coaching model that combined Brief Solution-Focused Coaching principles with a relational and strengths-based approach, based on participant needs. Coaches met with participants individually every two weeks and hosted monthly group sessions. The leadership guide, co-developed with youth who had experienced homelessness, contained 12 chapters aimed at fostering identity capital (purpose, control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem). |
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This was a small pilot study (N = 40), which makes it harder to detect meaningful differences between groups.
Focus groups were primarily attended by youth who were engaging more highly in the intervention, and so qualitative findings do not reflect the experiences of all youth in the intervention group.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Naomi Thulien | Unity Health Toronto | (416) 864-6060 | 77476 | naomi.thulien@unityhealth.to |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Oct 11, 2023 | Jul 21, 2025 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| OTHER |
This pilot study will employ a convergent mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative data collected concurrently and the findings combined), two-arm parallel RCT (participants randomly assigned to either one intervention or control group), open-label (participants and research team aware of random assignment) design with 1:1 allocation (roughly equal number of participants in each study arm) embedded within a Community Based Participatory Action Research framework. Twenty young people will be allocated to the intervention group (portable rent subsidies + identity capital intervention), while 20 will be allocated to the control group (portable rent subsidies only). Participants in the intervention group (n = 20) will receive 12 months of: portable rent subsidies, engage in a co-designed (with youth who have experienced homelessness) leadership guide, and be assigned a coach (one coach/10 youth).
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| Monthly Rent Subsidies | Other | All study participants will receive a monthly rent subsidy ($800 for those living in Toronto; $700 for those living in St. Catharine's or Hamilton due to differences in cost of living) for 12 months. |
|
| Assessed at 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. |
| Assessed at baseline, 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. Baseline and 12-month scores reported. |
| Change From Baseline to 12 Months in Identity Capital (Measured by the Multi-Measure Agentic Personality Scale) | The Multi-Measure Agentic Personality Scale (MAPS20) is a 20-item validated self-report measure that explores domains related to identity capital. The MAPS20 contains the following sub-scales: Self-Esteem; Purpose in Life; Internal Locus of Control; Self-Efficacy/Ego Strength. Each subscale has a score range of 5-30, with higher scores indicating greater identity capital. | Assessed at baseline, 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. Baseline and 12-month data reported. |
| Change in Employment, Education, or Training From Baseline to 12 Months (Assessed by a Questionnaire) | This five-item self-report measure was developed for this study and explores engagement in education (secondary or post-secondary), employment (full- or part-time; formal and informal), and training (paid or unpaid apprenticeship). Employment, education, and training (EET) is a composite binary outcome, where EET = 1 if participants are attending classes, employed, or participating in a training program, and EET = 0 otherwise. | Assessed at baseline and 12-months. |
| Change From Baseline to 12 Months in Housing Security (Measured by the Housing Security Scale) (Binary Outcomes) | The 20-item self-report Housing Security Scale contains a composite binary indicator of housing need, in addition to the previously reported continuous outcome sub-scales. The number of participants responding in the affirmative is reported (affirmative response indicates that the participant has unmet housing needs). | Assessed at baseline, 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. Baseline and 12-month data reported. |
| BG001 | Rent Subsidy Only | Participants in this group received a 12-month portable rent subsidy (CAD $700/month in Hamilton and St. Catharines; CAD $800/month in Toronto), paid directly to landlords and facilitated by community partner organizations. These participants did not receive coaching or the co-designed leadership guide during the study period. However, they were offered access to the leadership guide after the study was completed. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Count of Participants |
| Participants |
| No |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Site | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Immigration Status | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Child Welfare Involvement | Participants were asked (self-report): "Has the Children's Aid Society (CAS) ever been involved with you or your family? (e.g., closely monitoring your well-being or moving you to foster care)" | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Age First Homeless | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Attempts to Live on Own After Being Homeless | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Highest Education Level | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Regular Contact With Adult Relative | Participants were asked (self-report): "Are you in regular contact with an adult relative? (e.g., parent, grandparent, or aunt)" Participants who chose not to answer this question are reported as "Did not specify." | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Adult That Provides Guidance and Encouragement | Participants were asked (self-report): "Do you have an adult in your life who you are not related to that you can count on for guidance and encouragement?" | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Receiving Social Assistance | Participants were asked (self-report): "Are you receiving OW, ODSP, or money from the Children's Aid Society (CAS)?" OW = Ontario Works ODSP = Ontario Disability Support Program | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Accessing Mental Health Supports Inside Shelter System | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Accessing Physical Health Supports Inside Shelter System | Participants who chose not to answer this question are reported as "Did not specify." | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Accessing Mental health Supports Outside Shelter System | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Accessing Physical Health Supports Outside Shelter System | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Accessing Food Assistance Programs | Participants who chose not to answer this question are reported as "Did not specify." | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Attending Secondary or Post-Secondary Classes | Participants who chose not to answer this question are reported as "Did not specify." | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Employed in Past Month | Participants who chose not to answer this question are reported as "Did not specify." | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Hours Worked Per Week in Past Month | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Job is Meaningful | Participants were asked (self-report): "Is your job meaningful to you? (e.g., you enjoy it and/or it will help you achieve your life goals)" | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Participating in Paid or Unpaid Training/Trades Program | Participants who chose not to answer this question are reported as "Did not specify." | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Mental Health (as measured by Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener) | The Global Assessment of Individual Needs - Short Screener (GAIN-SS) is a 23-item validated self-report measure consists of the following sub-scales: Internalizing Disorder Screener (e.g., anxiety/depression; range 0-6); Externalizing Disorder Screener (e.g., impulsivity/disruptive conduct; range 0-7); Substance Disorder Screener (e.g., illicit drug/alcohol abuse; range 0-5); and Crime and Violence Screener (e.g., illegal activities/fighting; range 0-5). Higher scores indicate greater mental health challenges. | Missing data (due to participants opting out of questions) resulted in some variation in the population number for each subscale. | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a scale |
|
| OG000 | Rent Subsidy + Identity Capital Intervention | Participants in this group received a 12-month portable rent subsidy (CAD $700/month in Hamilton and St. Catharines; CAD $800/month in Toronto), paid directly to landlords and facilitated by community partner organizations. In addition to the rent subsidy, participants received a co-designed leadership guide and individualized coaching. Coaching was delivered by two professionals with established coaching practices, using a flexible, supportive coaching model that combined Brief Solution-Focused Coaching principles with a relational and strengths-based approach, based on participant needs. Coaches met with participants individually every two weeks and hosted monthly group sessions. The leadership guide, co-developed with youth who had experienced homelessness, contained 12 chapters aimed at fostering identity capital (purpose, control, self-efficacy, and self-esteem). |
| OG001 | Rent Subsidy Only | Participants in this group received a 12-month portable rent subsidy (CAD $700/month in Hamilton and St. Catharines; CAD $800/month in Toronto), paid directly to landlords and facilitated by community partner organizations. These participants did not receive coaching or the co-designed leadership guide during the study period. However, they were offered access to the leadership guide after the study was completed. |
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| Primary | Feasibility and Acceptability of the Intervention Over 12 Months (Informed by Qualitative Data From Focus Groups) | We conducted focus groups with intervention (rent subsidy + identity capital intervention) participants. Focus group questions explored intervention feasibility and acceptability. Focus group data from all time points was analyzed together. | Posted | Number | Key themes and sub-themes | Assessed at 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. |
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| Primary | Feasibility and Acceptability of the Intervention Over 12 Months (Measured by Coaching Session Attendance Over 12 Months) | Feasibility and acceptability of the coaching component of the identity capital intervention was assessed by coaching session attendance, as recorded by coaches. Overall coaching session attendance was measured as the percentage of total possible coaching sessions attended over the 12-month period (maximum 24 sessions). | Results reflect the 18 participants in the intervention arm who completed the study. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Percentage of Sessions Attended | Assessed at 12-months. |
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| Primary | Feasibility and Acceptability of the Intervention Over 12 Months (Measured by the Intervention Engagement Questionnaire) | Feasibility and acceptability of the co-designed leadership guide component of the identity capital intervention was assessed using the Intervention Engagement Questionnaire (self-report measure was developed for this study and administered only to intervention participants). | Participant numbers are lower than the total intervention group (n=20), as two participants dropped out over time. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Assessed at 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. |
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| Secondary | Change From Baseline to 12 Months in Housing Security (Measured by the Housing Security Scale) (Continuous Outcomes) | The 20-item self-report Housing Security Scale contains the following sub-scales: Subjective Stability (range 5-30; higher scores indicate more housing security); Safety Net (range 3-18; higher scores indicate more housing security); Threats to Stability (range 7-42; higher scores indicate less housing security). | Missing data from 1 participant at baseline and 2 participants at 12-months (2 intervention participants dropped out). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a Scale | Assessed at baseline, 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. Baseline and 12-month scores reported. |
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| Secondary | Change From Baseline to 12 Months in Identity Capital (Measured by the Multi-Measure Agentic Personality Scale) | The Multi-Measure Agentic Personality Scale (MAPS20) is a 20-item validated self-report measure that explores domains related to identity capital. The MAPS20 contains the following sub-scales: Self-Esteem; Purpose in Life; Internal Locus of Control; Self-Efficacy/Ego Strength. Each subscale has a score range of 5-30, with higher scores indicating greater identity capital. | Missing data from 1 participant at baseline and 2 participants at 12-months (2 intervention participants dropped out). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Score on a Scale | Assessed at baseline, 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. Baseline and 12-month data reported. |
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| Secondary | Change in Employment, Education, or Training From Baseline to 12 Months (Assessed by a Questionnaire) | This five-item self-report measure was developed for this study and explores engagement in education (secondary or post-secondary), employment (full- or part-time; formal and informal), and training (paid or unpaid apprenticeship). Employment, education, and training (EET) is a composite binary outcome, where EET = 1 if participants are attending classes, employed, or participating in a training program, and EET = 0 otherwise. | Missing data from 1 participant at baseline and 2 participants at 12-months (2 intervention participants dropped out). One additional participant skipped the EET question at 12-months. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Assessed at baseline and 12-months. |
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| Secondary | Change From Baseline to 12 Months in Housing Security (Measured by the Housing Security Scale) (Binary Outcomes) | The 20-item self-report Housing Security Scale contains a composite binary indicator of housing need, in addition to the previously reported continuous outcome sub-scales. The number of participants responding in the affirmative is reported (affirmative response indicates that the participant has unmet housing needs). | Missing data from 1 participant at baseline and 2 participants at 12-months (2 intervention participants dropped out). | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Assessed at baseline, 4-months, 8-months, and 12-months. Baseline and 12-month data reported. |
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| Other Pre-specified | Coaching Engagement Stratified by Gender | This 17-item self-report measure was developed for this study and explores domains related to: age; gender; race/ethnicity; sexual orientation; immigration status; child welfare involvement; homelessness entrenchment; education; social support; financial support; physical health support; mental health support; food security. | Participants in the intervention group (N = 20) who completed the baseline demographic questionnaire and had data on coaching engagement. Gender identity was the only demographic variable included in this subgroup analysis. Mean coaching engagement was calculated for each gender sub-group: boys/men (n = 5), women/girls (n = 11), and non-binary/trans/Two-Spirit (n = 4). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Percentage of Sessions Attended | Demographics assessed at baseline; Coaching attendance assessed at 12-months. |
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|
| 0 |
| 18 |
| 0 |
| 18 |
| 0 |
| 18 |
| EG001 | Rent Subsidy Only | Participants in this group received a 12-month portable rent subsidy (CAD $700/month in Hamilton and St. Catharines; CAD $800/month in Toronto), paid directly to landlords and facilitated by community partner organizations. These participants did not receive coaching or the co-designed leadership guide during the study period. However, they were offered access to the leadership guide after the study was completed. | 0 | 20 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 20 |
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| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and baseline mental health (GAIN-SS subscale: Externalizing Disorder Screener). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the baseline GAIN-SS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | -0.09 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and baseline mental health (GAIN-SS subscale: Substance Disorder Screener). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the baseline GAIN-SS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | -0.18 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and baseline mental health (GAIN-SS subscale: Crime/Violence Disorder Screener). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the baseline GAIN-SS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | -0.34 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and housing security at baseline (Housing Security Scale subscale: Subjective Stability). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the HSS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | -0.04 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and housing security at baseline (Housing Security Scale subscale: Safety Net). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the HSS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | 0.17 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and housing security at baseline (Housing Security Scale subscale: Threats to Stability). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the HSS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | 0.06 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and housing security at 12 Months, accounting for baseline scores (Housing Security Scale subscale: Subjective Stability). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the HSS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman partial correlation coefficient | -0.05 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and housing security at 12 Months, accounting for baseline scores (Housing Security Scale subscale: Safety Net). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the HSS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman partial correlation coefficient | 0.17 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and housing security at 12 Months, accounting for baseline scores (Housing Security Scale subscale: Threats to Stability). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the HSS and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman partial correlation coefficient | -0.27 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and identity capital at baseline (MAPS20 subscale: Self-Esteem). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the MAPS20 and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | 0.08 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and identity capital at baseline (MAPS20 subscale: Purpose in Life). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the MAPS20 and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | 0.27 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and identity capital at baseline (MAPS20 subscale: Locus of Control). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the MAPS20 and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | -0.51 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and identity capital at baseline (MAPS20 subscale: Self-Efficacy). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the MAPS20 and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman correlation coefficient | -0.03 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and identity capital at 12 Months, accounting for baseline scores (MAPS20 subscale: Self-Esteem). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the MAPS20 and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman partial correlation coefficient | 0.24 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and identity capital at 12 Months, accounting for baseline scores (MAPS20 subscale: Purpose in Life). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the MAPS20 and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman partial correlation coefficient | 0.22 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and identity capital at 12 Months, accounting for baseline scores (MAPS20 subscale: Locus of Control). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the MAPS20 and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman partial correlation coefficient | 0.20 | 2-Sided | Other |
| We conducted an exploratory, descriptive analysis investigating the relationship between coaching session attendance (over 12 months) and identity capital at 12 Months, accounting for baseline scores (MAPS20 subscale: Self-Efficacy). This analysis included participants in the intervention group who completed the MAPS20 and had data on coaching engagement (n = 18). We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient only. Power calculation does not apply for this analysis. | Spearman partial correlation coefficient | 0.50 | 2-Sided | Other |
| 1 hour - less than 2 hours |
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| 2 hours - less than 3 hours |
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| 3 hours - less than 4 hours |
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| 4 hours or more |
|
| Weekly time spent on leadership guide activities (8-months) |
|
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| Weekly time spent on leadership guide activities (12-months) |
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| Safety Net (Baseline) |
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| Threats to Stability (Baseline) |
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| Subjective Stability (12 Months) |
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| Safety Net (12 Months) |
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| Threats to Stability (12 Months) |
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|
This comparison is of Safety Net scores at 12 Months.
| ANCOVA |
Adjusted for site and baseline scores. |
| 0.48 |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| 0.8 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -1.5 |
| 3.0 |
| Superiority |
| This comparison is of Threats to Stability scores at 12 Months. | ANCOVA | Adjusted for site and baseline scores. | 0.37 | Mean Difference (Final Values) | -1.6 | 2-Sided | 95 | -5.2 | 2.0 | Superiority |
| Purpose in Life (12 Months) |
|
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| Locus of Control (12 Months) |
|
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| Self-Efficacy (12 Months) |
|
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| Self-Esteem (Baseline) |
|
|
| Purpose in Life (Baseline) |
|
|
| Locus of Control (Baseline) |
|
|
| Self-Efficacy (Baseline) |
|
|
| ANCOVA |
Adjusted for site and baseline scores. |
| 0.78 |
| Mean Difference (Final Values) |
| -0.3 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -2.6 |
| 2.0 |
| Superiority |
| This comparison is for Locus of Control scores at 12 Months. | ANCOVA | Adjusted for site and baseline scores. | 0.16 | Mean Difference (Final Values) | 1.6 | 2-Sided | 95 | -0.6 | 3.8 | Superiority |
| This comparison is for Self-Efficacy scores at 12 Months. | ANCOVA | Adjusted for site and baseline scores. | 0.36 | Mean Difference (Final Values) | 1.1 | 2-Sided | 95 | -1.2 | 3.3 | Superiority |
| EET (12 Months) |
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| Housing Need (12 Months) |
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| Non-Binary/Trans |
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